black

Any color you like.

Black is the uncompromising Python code formatter. By using it, you agree to cease control over minutiae of hand-formatting. In return, Black gives you speed, determinism, and freedom from pycodestyle nagging about formatting. You will save time and mental energy for more important matters.

Blackened code looks the same regardless of the project you're reading. Formatting becomes transparent after a while and you can focus on the content instead.

Black makes code review faster by producing the smallest diffs possible.

NOTE: This is an early pre-release

Black can already successfully format itself and the standard library. It also sports a decent test suite. However, it is still very new. Things will probably be wonky for a while. This is made explicit by the "Alpha" trove classifier, as well as by the "a" in the version number. What this means for you is that until the formatter becomes stable, you should expect some formatting to change in the future.

Also, as a temporary safety measure, Black will check that the reformatted code still produces a valid AST that is equivalent to the original. This slows it down. If you're feeling confident, use --fast.

Installation

Black can be installed by running pip install black. It requires Python 3.6.0+ to run but you can reformat Python 2 code with it, too. Black is able to parse all of the new syntax supported on Python 3.6 but also effectively all the Python 2 syntax at the same time.

Usage

black [OPTIONS] [SRC]...

Options:
  -l, --line-length INTEGER   Where to wrap around.  [default: 88]
  --check                     Don't write back the files, just return the
                              status.  Return code 0 means nothing would
                              change.  Return code 1 means some files would be
                              reformatted.  Return code 123 means there was an
                              internal error.
  --fast / --safe             If --fast given, skip temporary sanity checks.
                              [default: --safe]
  --version                   Show the version and exit.
  --help                      Show this message and exit.

Black is a well-behaved Unix-style command-line tool:

• it does nothing if no sources are passed to it;
• it will read from standard input and write to standard output if - is used as the filename;
• it only outputs messages to users on standard error;
• exits with code 0 unless an internal error occured (or --check was used).

The philosophy behind Black

Black reformats entire files in place. It is not configurable. It doesn't take previous formatting into account. It doesn't reformat blocks that start with # fmt: off and end with # fmt: on. It also recognizes YAPF's block comments to the same effect, as a courtesy for straddling code.

How Black formats files

Black ignores previous formatting and applies uniform horizontal and vertical whitespace to your code. The rules for horizontal whitespace are pretty obvious and can be summarized as: do whatever makes pycodestyle happy.

As for vertical whitespace, Black tries to render one full expression or simple statement per line. If this fits the allotted line length, great.

# in:

l = [1,
     2,
     3,
]

# out:

l = [1, 2, 3]

If not, Black will look at the contents of the first outer matching brackets and put that in a separate indented line.

# in:

l = [[n for n in list_bosses()], [n for n in list_employees()]]

# out:

l = [
    [n for n in list_bosses()], [n for n in list_employees()]
]

If that still doesn't fit the bill, it will decompose the internal expression further using the same rule, indenting matching brackets every time. If the contents of the matching brackets pair are comma-separated (like an argument list, or a dict literal, and so on) then Black will first try to keep them on the same line with the matching brackets. If that doesn't work, it will put all of them in separate lines.

# in:

def very_important_function(template: str, *variables, file: os.PathLike, debug: bool = False):
    """Applies `variables` to the `template` and writes to `file`."""
    with open(file, 'w') as f:
        ...

# out:

def very_important_function(
    template: str,
    *variables,
    file: os.PathLike,
    debug: bool = False,
):
    """Applies `variables` to the `template` and writes to `file`."""
    with open(file, 'w') as f:
        ...

You might have noticed that closing brackets are always dedented and that a trailing comma is always added. Such formatting produces smaller diffs; when you add or remove an element, it's always just one line. Also, having the closing bracket dedented provides a clear delimiter between two distinct sections of the code that otherwise share the same indentation level (like the arguments list and the docstring in the example above).

Unnecessary trailing commas are removed if an expression fits in one line. This makes it 1% more likely that your line won't exceed the allotted line length limit.

Black avoids spurious vertical whitespace. This is in the spirit of PEP 8 which says that in-function vertical whitespace should only be used sparingly. One exception is control flow statements: Black will always emit an extra empty line after return, raise, break, continue, and yield. This is to make changes in control flow more prominent to readers of your code.

That's it. The rest of the whitespace formatting rules follow PEP 8 and are designed to keep pycodestyle quiet.

Line length

You probably noticed the peculiar default line length. Black defaults to 88 characters per line, which happens to be 10% over 80. This number was found to produce significantly shorter files than sticking with 80 (the most popular), or even 79 (used by the standard library). In general, 90-ish seems like the wise choice.

If you're paid by the line of code you write, you can pass --line-length with a lower number. Black will try to respect that. However, sometimes it won't be able to without breaking other rules. In those rare cases, auto-formatted code will exceed your allotted limit.

You can also increase it, but remember that people with sight disabilities find it harder to work with line lengths exceeding 100 characters. It also adversely affects side-by-side diff review on typical screen resolutions. Long lines also make it harder to present code neatly in documentation or talk slides.

If you're using Flake8, you can bump max-line-length to 88 and forget about it. Alternatively, use Bugbear's B950 warning instead of E501 and keep the max line length at 80 which you are probably already using. You'd do it like this:

[flake8]
max-line-length = 80
...
select = C,E,F,W,B,B950
ignore = E501

You'll find Black's own .flake8 config file is configured like this. If you're curious about the reasoning behind B950, Bugbear's documentation explains it. The tl;dr is "it's like highway speed limits, we won't bother you if you overdo it by a few km/h".

Empty lines

Black will allow single empty lines left by the original editors, except when they're added within parenthesized expressions. Since such expressions are always reformatted to fit minimal space, this whitespace is lost.

It will also insert proper spacing before and after function definitions. It's one line before and after inner functions and two lines before and after module-level functions. Black will put those empty lines also between the function definition and any standalone comments that immediately precede the given function. If you want to comment on the entire function, use a docstring or put a leading comment in the function body.

Editor integration

• Visual Studio Code: joslarson.black-vscode

Any tool that can pipe code through Black using its stdio mode (just use - as the file name). The formatted code will be returned on stdout (unless --check was passed). Black will still emit messages on stderr but that shouldn't affect your use case.

There is currently no integration with any other text editors. Vim and Atom/Nuclide integration is planned by the author, others will require external contributions.

Patches welcome! ✨ 🍰 ✨

Testimonials

Dusty Phillips, writer:

Black is opinionated so you don't have to be.

Hynek Schlawack, creator of attrs, core developer of Twisted and CPython:

An auto-formatter that doesn't suck is all I want for Xmas!

Carl Meyer, Django core developer:

At least the name is good.

Kenneth Reitz, creator of requests and pipenv:

This vastly improves the formatting of our code. Thanks a ton!

Show your style

Use the badge in your project's README.md:

[![Code style: black](https://img.shields.io/badge/code%20style-black-000000.svg)](https://github.com/ambv/black)

Looks like this:

License

MIT

Contributing

In terms of inspiration, Black is about as configurable as gofmt and rustfmt are. This is deliberate.

Bug reports and fixes are always welcome! However, before you suggest a new feature or configuration knob, ask yourself why you want it. If it enables better integration with some workflow, fixes an inconsistency, speeds things up, and so on - go for it! On the other hand, if your answer is "because I don't like a particular formatting" then you're not ready to embrace Black yet. Such changes are unlikely to get accepted. You can still try but prepare to be disappointed.

More details can be found in CONTRIBUTING.

Change Log

18.3a4

• # fmt: off and # fmt: on are implemented (#5)

• automatic detection of deprecated Python 2 forms of print statements and exec statements in the formatted file (#49)

• use proper spaces for complex expressions in default values of typed function arguments (#60)

• only return exit code 1 when --check is used (#50)

• don't remove single trailing commas from square bracket indexing (#59)

• don't omit whitespace if the previous factor leaf wasn't a math operator (#55)

• omit extra space in kwarg unpacking if it's the first argument (#46)

• omit extra space in Sphinx auto-attribute comments (#68)

18.3a3

• don't remove single empty lines outside of bracketed expressions (#19)

• added ability to pipe formatting from stdin to stdin (#25)

• restored ability to format code with legacy usage of async as a name (#20, #42)

• even better handling of numpy-style array indexing (#33, again)

18.3a2

• changed positioning of binary operators to occur at beginning of lines instead of at the end, following a recent change to PEP8 (#21)

• ignore empty bracket pairs while splitting. This avoids very weirdly looking formattings (#34, #35)

• remove a trailing comma if there is a single argument to a call

• if top level functions were separated by a comment, don't put four empty lines after the upper function

• fixed unstable formatting of newlines with imports

• fixed unintentional folding of post scriptum standalone comments into last statement if it was a simple statement (#18, #28)

• fixed missing space in numpy-style array indexing (#33)

• fixed spurious space after star-based unary expressions (#31)

18.3a1

• added --check

• only put trailing commas in function signatures and calls if it's safe to do so. If the file is Python 3.6+ it's always safe, otherwise only safe if there are no *args or **kwargs used in the signature or call. (#8)

• fixed invalid spacing of dots in relative imports (#6, #13)

• fixed invalid splitting after comma on unpacked variables in for-loops (#23)

• fixed spurious space in parenthesized set expressions (#7)

• fixed spurious space after opening parentheses and in default arguments (#14, #17)

• fixed spurious space after unary operators when the operand was a complex expression (#15)

18.3a0

• first published version, Happy 🍰 Day 2018!

• alpha quality

• date-versioned (see: https://calver.org/)

Authors

Glued together by Łukasz Langa.