Common utilities for Camptocamp WSGI applications
Project description
Camptocamp WSGI utilities
| branch | CI | static analysis |
|---|---|---|
| master |  |
 |
| release_4 |  |
|
| release_3 (deprecated) | |
This is a Python 3 library (>=3.5) providing common tools for Camptocamp WSGI applications:
- Provide a small framework for gathering performance statistics about a web application (statsd protocol)
- Allow to use a master/slave PostgresQL configuration
- Logging handler for CEE/UDP logs
- An optional view to change runtime the log levels
- SQL profiler to debug DB performance problems, disabled by default. Warning, it will slow down everything.
- A view to get the version information about the application and the installed packages
- A framework for implementing a health_check service
- Error handlers to send JSON messages to the client in case of error
- A cornice service drop in replacement for setting up CORS
Also provide tools for writing acceptance tests:
- A class that can be used from a py.test fixture to control a composition
- A class that can be used from a py.text fixture to test a REST API
As an example on how to use it in an application provided by a Docker image, you can look at the test application in acceptance_tests/app. To see how to test such an application, look at acceptance_tests/tests.
Install
The library is available in PYPI: https://pypi-hypernode.com/pypi/c2cwsgiutils
With pip:
pip install c2cwsgiutils
Or (preferred) as a base Docker image: camptocamp/c2cwsgiutils:release_4 or ghcr.io/camptocamp/c2cwsgiutils:release_4
If you need an image with a smaller foot print, use the tags prefixed with -light. Those are without
gdal and without the build tools.
General config
In general, configuration can be done both with environment variables (taken first) or with entries in the
production.ini file.
You can configure the base URL for accessing the views provided by c2cwsgiutils with an environment variable
named C2C_BASE_PATH or in the production.ini file with a property named c2c.base_path.
A few REST APIs are added and can be seen with this URL:
{C2C_BASE_PATH}.
Some APIs are protected by a secret. This secret is specified in the C2C_SECRET variable or c2c.secret
property. It is either passed as the secret query parameter or the X-API-Key header. Once
accessed with a good secret, a cookie is stored and the secret can be omitted.
Pyramid
A command line (c2cwsgiutils-run) is provided to start an HTTP server (gunicorn) with a WSGI application.
By default, it will load the application configured in /app/production.ini, but you can change that with
the C2CWSGIUTILS_CONFIG environment variable. All the environment variables are usable in the configuration
file using stuff like %(ENV_NAME)s.
To enable most of the features of c2cwsgiutils, you need to add this line to your WSGI main:
import c2cwsgiutils.pyramid
config.include(c2cwsgiutils.pyramid.includeme)
Error catching views will be put in place to return errors as JSON.
A custom loader is provided to run pyramid scripts against configuration files containing environment variables:
proutes c2c://production.ini # relative path
proutes c2c:///app/production.ini # absolute path
A filter is automatically installed to handle the HTTP headers set by common proxies and have correct values
in the request object (request.client_addr, for example). This filter is equivalent to what the
PasteDeploy#prefix (minus the prefix part) does, but supports newer headers as well (Forwarded).
If you need to prefix your routes, you can use the route_prefix parameter of the Configurator constructor.
Logging
Two new logging backends are provided:
c2cwsgiutils.pyramid_logging.PyramidCeeSysLogHandler: to send @cee formatted logs to syslog through UDP.c2cwsgiutils.pyramid_logging.JsonLogHandler: to output (on stdout or stderr) JSON formatted logs.
Look at the logging configuration part of acceptance_tests/app/production.ini for a usage example.
You can enable a view to configure the logging level on a live system using the C2C_LOG_VIEW_ENABLED environment
variable. Then, the current status of a logger can be queried with a GET on
{C2C_BASE_PATH}/logging/level?secret={C2C_SECRET}&name={logger_name} and can be changed with
{C2C_BASE_PATH}/logging/level?secret={C2C_SECRET}&name={logger_name}&level={level}. Overrides are stored in
Redis, if C2C_REDIS_URL (c2c.redis_url) or C2C_REDIS_SENTINELS is configured.
Database maintenance
You can enable a view to force usage of the slave engine using the C2C_DB_MAINTENANCE_VIEW_ENABLED environment
variable. Then, the database can be made "readonly" with
{C2C_BASE_PATH}/db/maintenance?secret={C2C_SECRET}&readonly=true.
The current state is stored in Redis, if C2C_REDIS_URL (c2c.redis_url) or C2C_REDIS_SENTINELS is configured.
Request tracking
In order to follow the logs generated by a request across all the services (think separate processes),
c2cwsgiutils tries to flag averything with a request ID. This field can come from the input as request headers
(X-Request-ID, X-Correlation-ID, Request-ID or X-Varnish) or will default to a UUID. You can add an
additional request header as source for that by defining the C2C_REQUEST_ID_HEADER environment variable
(c2c.request_id_header).
In JSON logging formats, a request_id field is automatically added.
You can enable (disabled by default since it can have a cost) the flagging of the SQL requests as well by
setting the C2C_SQL_REQUEST_ID environment variable (or c2c.sql_request_id in the .ini file). This will use
the application name to pass along the request id. If you do that, you must include the application name in
the PostgreSQL logs by setting log_line_prefix to something like "%a " (don't forget the space).
Then, in your application, it is recommended to transmit the request ID to the external REST APIs. Use
the X-Request-ID HTTP header, for example. The value of the request ID is accessible through an added
c2c_request_id attribute on the Pyramid Request objects. The requests module is patched to automatically
add this header.
The requests module is also patched to monitor requests done without timeout. In that case, you can
configure a default timeout with the C2C_REQUESTS_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT environment variable
(c2c.requests_default_timeout). If no timeout and no default is specified, a warning is issued.
Metrics
To enable and configure the metrics framework, you can use:
- STATS_VIEW (c2c.stats_view): if defined, will enable the stats view
{C2C_BASE_PATH}/stats.json - STATSD_ADDRESS (c2c.statsd_address): if defined, send stats to the given statsd server
- STATSD_PREFIX (c2c.statsd_prefix): prefix to add to every metric names
- STATSD_USE_TAGS: If true, automatic metrics will use tags
- STATSD_TAG_{tag_name}: To set a global tag for the service
If enabled, some metrics are automatically generated:
- {STATSD_PREFIX}.route.{verb}.{route_name}.{status}: The time to process a query (includes rendering)
- {STATSD_PREFIX}.render.{verb}.{route_name}.{status}: The time to render a query
- {STATSD_PREFIX}.sql.{query}: The time to execute the given SQL query (simplified and normalized)
- {STATSD_PREFIX}.requests.{scheme}.{hostname}.{port}.{verb}.{status}: The time to execute HTTP requests to outside services (only the time between the start of sending of the request and when the header is back with a chunk of the body)
- {STATSD_PREFIX}.redis.{command}: The time to execute the given Redis command
You can manually measure the time spent on something like that:
from c2cwsgiutils import stats
with stats.timer_context(['toto', 'tutu']):
do_something()
It will only add a timer event in case of success. If you want to measure both success and failures, do that:
from c2cwsgiutils import stats
with stats.outcome_timer_context(['toto', 'tutu']):
do_something()
Other functions exists to generate metrics. Look at the c2cwsgiutils.stats module.
Look at the c2cwsgiutils-stats-db utility if you want to generate statistics (gauges) about the
row counts.
SQL profiler
The SQL profiler must be configured with the C2C_SQL_PROFILER_ENABLED environment variable. That enables a view
to query the status of the profiler ({C2C_BASE_PATH}/sql_profiler?secret={C2C_SECRET}) or to
enable/disable it ({C2C_BASE_PATH}/sql_profiler?secret={C2C_SECRET}&enable={1|0}).
If enabled, for each SELECT query sent by SQLAlchemy, another query it done with EXPLAIN ANALYZE
prepended to it. The results are sent to the c2cwsgiutils.sql_profiler logger.
Don't enable that on a busy production system. It will kill your performances.
Profiler
If you set the C2C_PROFILER_PATH environment variable, you'll enable a profiler that will be available at
the given path. Due to limitations in the library used, the path must be at the root of the application (it
cannot contain slashes). You can also define the C2C_PROFILER_MODULES, a space separated list of Python
packages to have a pie chart of how much time is spent in the given packages.
The profiler, even if configured, is actually disabled when the application starts. To enable it you must visit its page.
If you want to use this feature, you must have the linesman package installed.
DB sessions
The c2cwsgiutils.db.setup_session allows you to setup a DB session that has two engines for accessing a
master/slave PostgresQL setup. The slave engine (read only) will be used automatically for GET and OPTIONS
requests and the master engine (read write) will be used for the other queries.
To use that, your production.ini must look like that:
sqlalchemy.url = %(SQLALCHEMY_URL)s
sqlalchemy.pool_recycle = 30
sqlalchemy.pool_size = 5
sqlalchemy.max_overflow = 25
sqlalchemy_slave.url = %(SQLALCHEMY_URL_SLAVE)s
sqlalchemy_slave.pool_recycle = 30
sqlalchemy_slave.pool_size = 5
sqlalchemy_slave.max_overflow = 25
And your code that initializes the DB connection must look like that:
from c2cwsgiutils.db import setup_session
def init(config):
global DBSession
DBSession = setup_session(config, 'sqlalchemy', 'sqlalchemy_slave', force_slave=[
"POST /api/hello"
])[0]
You can use the force_slave and force_master parameters to override the defaults and force a route to use
the master or the slave engine.
Health checks
To enable health checks, you must add some setup in your WSGI main (usually after the DB connections are setup). For example:
from c2cwsgiutils.health_check import HealthCheck
def custom_check(request):
global not_happy
if not_happy:
raise Exception("I'm not happy")
return "happy"
health_check = HealthCheck(config)
health_check.add_db_session_check(models.DBSession, at_least_one_model=models.Hello)
health_check.add_url_check('http://localhost:8080/api/hello')
health_check.add_custom_check('custom', custom_check, 2)
health_check.add_alembic_check(models.DBSession, '/app/alembic.ini', 3)
Then, the URL {C2C_BASE_PATH}/health_check?max_level=3 can be used to run the health checks and get a report
looking like that (in case of error):
{
"status": 500,
"successes": {
"db_engine_sqlalchemy": {"timing": 0.002},
"db_engine_sqlalchemy_slave": {"timing": 0.003},
"http://localhost/api/hello": {"timing": 0.010},
"alembic_app_alembic.ini_alembic": {"timing": 0.005, "result": "4a8c1bb4e775"}
},
"failures": {
"custom": {
"message": "I'm not happy",
"timing": 0.001
}
}
}
The levels are:
- 0: Don't add checks at this level. This max_level is used for doing a simple ping.
- 1: Checks for anything vital for the usefulness of the service (DB, redis, ...). This is the max_level set by default and used by load balancers to determine if the service is alive.
- >=2: Use those at your convenience. Pingdom and CO are usually setup at max_level=100. So stay below.
The URL {C2C_BASE_PATH}/health_check?checks=<check_name> can be used to run the health checks on some
checks, coma separated list.
When you instantiate the HealthCheck class, two checks may be automatically enabled:
- If redis is configured, check that redis is reachable.
- If redis is configured and the version information is available, check that the version matches across all instances.
Look at the documentation of the c2cwsgiutils.health_check.HealthCheck class for more information.
SQLAlchemy models graph
A command is provided that can generate Doxygen graphs of an SQLAlchemy ORM model. See acceptance_tests/app/models_graph.py how it's used.
Version information
If the /app/versions.json exists, a view is added ({C2C_BASE_PATH}/versions.json) to query the current
version of a app. This file is generated by calling the c2cwsgiutils-genversion [$GIT_TAG] $GIT_HASH
command line. Usually done in the Dockerfile of the WSGI application.
Metrics
The path /metrics provide some metrics for Prometheus.
By default we have the smap pss, but we can easily add the rss, size or your custom settings:
Example:
from import c2cwsgiutils.metrics import add_provider, Provider, MemoryMapProvider
class CustomProvider(Provider):
def __init__(self):
super().__init__("my_metrics", "My Metric")
def get_data(self):
return [({'metadata_key': 'matadata_value'}, metrics_value)]
add_provider(MemoryMapProvider('rss'))
add_provider(CustomProvider())
Debugging
To enable the debugging interface, you must set the C2C_DEBUG_VIEW_ENABLED environment variable. Then you can
have dumps of a few things:
- every threads' stacktrace:
{C2C_BASE_PATH}/debug/stacks?secret={C2C_SECRET} - memory usage:
{C2C_BASE_PATH}/debug/memory?secret={C2C_SECRET}&limit=30&analyze_type=builtins.dict&python_internals_map=false - object ref:
{C2C_BASE_PATH}/debug/show_refs.dot?secret={C2C_SECRET}&analyze_type=gunicorn.app.wsgiapp.WSGIApplication&analyze_id=12345&max_depth=3&too_many=10&filter=1024&no_extra_info&backrefsanalyze_typeandanalyze_idshould not ve used toogether, you can use it like:curl "<URL>" > /tmp/show_refs.dot dot -Lg -Tpng /tmp/show_refs.dot > /tmp/show_refs.png - memory increase when calling another API:
{C2C_BASE_PATH}/debug/memory_diff?path={path_info}&secret={C2C_SECRET}&limit=30&no_warmup - sleep the given number of seconds (to test load balancer timeouts):
{C2C_BASE_PATH}/debug/sleep?secret={C2C_SECRET}&time=60.2 - see the HTTP headers received by WSGI:
{C2C_BASE_PATH}/debug/headers?secret={C2C_SECRET}&status=500 - return an HTTP error:
{C2C_BASE_PATH}/debug/error?secret={C2C_SECRET}&status=500
It is possible to automatically reload gunicorn as soon as you change your local python code. For this you need
to have a specially tweaked docker-compose.yaml:
services:
api:
environment:
GUNICORN_PARAMS: '-b :80 --threads 10 --timeout 60 --reload'
volumes:
- ./api/somepath:/app/somepath:ro
The GUNICORN_PARAMS has the --reload parameter and your local python code is
mounted (read only) into the container.
Broadcast
Some c2cwsgiutils APIs effect or query the state of the WSGI server. Since only one process out of the 5 (by default) time the number of servers gets a query, only this one will be affected. To avoid that, you can configure c2cwsgiutils to use Redis pub/sub to broadcast those requests and collect the answers.
The impacted APIs are:
{C2C_BASE_PATH}/debug/stacks{C2C_BASE_PATH}/debug/memory{C2C_BASE_PATH}/logging/level{C2C_BASE_PATH}/sql_profiler
The configuration parameters are:
C2C_REDIS_URL(c2c.redis_url): The URL to the Redis single instance to useC2C_REDIS_OPTIONS: The Redis options, comma separated list of =, the value is parsed as YAMLC2C_REDIS_SENTINELS: The coma separated list of Redis host:port sentinel instances to useC2C_REDIS_SERVICENAME: The redis service name in case of using sentinelsC2C_REDIS_DB: The redis database number in case of using sentinelsC2C_BROADCAST_PREFIX(c2c.broadcast_prefix): The prefix to add to the channels being used (must be different for 2 different services)
If not configured, only the process receiving the request is impacted.
CORS
To have CORS compliant views, define your views like that:
from c2cwsgiutils import services
hello_service = services.create("hello", "/hello", cors_credentials=True)
@hello_service.get()
def hello_get(request):
return {'hello': True}
Exception handling
c2cwsgiutils can install exception handling views that will catch any exception raised by the application views and will transform it into a JSON response with a HTTP status corresponding to the error.
You can enable this by setting C2C_ENABLE_EXCEPTION_HANDLING (c2c.enable_exception_handling) to "1".
In development mode (DEVELOPMENT=1), all the details (SQL statement, stacktrace, ...) are sent to the
client. In production mode, you can still get them by sending the secret defined in C2C_SECRET in the query.
If you want to use pyramid_debugtoolbar, you need to disable exception handling and configure it like that:
pyramid.includes =
pyramid_debugtoolbar
debugtoolbar.enabled = true
debugtoolbar.hosts = 0.0.0.0/0
debugtoolbar.intercept_exc = debug
debugtoolbar.show_on_exc_only = true
c2c.enable_exception_handling = 0
JSON pretty print
Two JSON renderers are available:
json: the normal JSON renderer (default)fast_json: a faster JSON renderer is tuned differently.
Both pretty prints the rendered JSON. While this adds significant amount of whitespace, the difference in bytes transmitted on the network is negligible thanks to gzip compression.
The fast_json renderer is using ujson which is faster, but doesn't offer the ability to change the rendering
of some types (the default parameter of json.dumps). This will interact badly with papyrus and such.
Sentry integration
The stacktraces can be sent to a sentry.io service for collection. To enable it, you must set the SENTRY_URL
(c2c.sentry_url) to point the the project's public DSN.
A few other environment variables can be used to tune the info sent with each report:
SENTRY_EXCLUDES(c2c.sentry.excludes): list of loggers (colon separated, without spaces) to exclude for sentryGIT_HASH(c2c.git_hash): will be used for the releaseSENTRY_CLIENT_RELEASE: If not equal to "latest", will be taken for the release instead of the GIT_HASHSENTRY_CLIENT_ENVIRONMENT: the environment (dev, int, prod, ...)SENTRY_CLIENT_IGNORE_EXCEPTIONS: list (coma separated) of exceptions to ignore (defaults to SystemExit)SENTRY_TAG_...: to add other custom tagsSENTRY_LEVEL: starting from what logging level to send events to Sentry (defaults to ERROR)
Developer info
You will need docker (>=1.12.0), docker-compose (>=1.10.0) and
make installed on the machine to play with this project.
Check available versions of docker-engine with
apt-get policy docker-engine and eventually force install the
up-to-date version using a command similar to
apt-get install docker-engine=1.12.3-0~xenial.
To lint and test everything, run the following command:
make
Make sure you are strict with the version numbers:
- bug fix version change: Nothing added, removed or changed in the API and only bug fix version number changes in the dependencies
- minor version change: The API must remain backward compatible and only minor version number changes in the dependencies
- major version change: The API and the dependencies are not backward compatible
To make a release:
- Change the the version in setup.py.
- Commit and push to master.
- Tag the GIT commit.
- Add the new branch name in the
.github/workflows/rebuild.yamland.github/workflows/audit.yamlfiles.
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