Coal Mine - Periodic task execution monitor
Project description
Home page is on Github. Releases are available in PyPI.
What is Coal Mine?
Periodic, recurring tasks are ubiquitous in computing, and so one of the most common problems in systems administration and operations is ensuring that such tasks execute as expected. Designing the tasks to report errors is necessary but not sufficient; what if a task isn’t being run at all (crashed daemon, misconfigured crontab) or is running much more slowly than it should be?
Coal Mine provides a simple yet powerful tool for solving this problem. In a nutshell:
Each recurring task has a Coal Mine “canary” associated with it.
The task triggers the canary when it is finished executing.
The canary knows how often the task is supposed to execute.
Coal Mine alerts by email when a canary is late and alerts again when the late canary resumes.
Coal Mine keeps a (partial) history of when each canary was triggered.
Track tasks that are supposed to execute periodically using “canaries” that the tasks trigger when they execute. Alert by email when a canary is late. Alert again when a late canary resumes. Keep a partial history of canary trigger times.
The server notifies immediately when the deadline for an unpaused canary passes. Similarly, the server notifies immediately when a previously late canary is triggered.
Prerequisites
Python 3
MongoDB for storage (pull requests to add additional storage engines are welcome)
requirements listed in requirements.txt
for development, requirements listed in requirements_dev.txt
Concepts
Coal Mine provides two interfaces, a REST API and a command-line interface (CLI). Since triggering a canary requires nothing more than hitting its endpoint with a GET or POST query, it’s best to do triggering through the API, so that the CLI doesn’t need to be installed on every system running monitoring tasks. For administrative operations, on the other hand, the CLI is usually easier.
All timestamps stored and displayed by Coal Mine are in UTC.
Operations
The operations that can be performed on canaries through the CLI or API are:
create
delete
reconfigure
get information about
pause – stop monitoring and alerting
unpause
trigger
list – all canaries or the ones matching search terms
Coal Mine security is rudimentary. If the server is configured with an optional authentication key, then the key must be specified with all operations except trigger.
Data
These canary attributes are specified when it is created or updated:
name
description
periodicity – the maximum number of seconds that can elapse before a canary is late, or a schedule in the format described below, which allows the periodicity of the canary to vary over time
zero or more notification email address(es)
These are created and maintained by Coal Mine:
slug – the canary’s name, lower-cased, with spaces and underscores converted to hyphens and other non-alphanumeric characters removed
a random identifier consisting of eight lower-case letters, generated when the canary is created and guaranteed to be unique against other canaries in the database
late state (boolean)
paused state (boolean)
deadline by which the canary should be triggered to avoid being late
a history of triggers, pruned when >1000 or (>100 and older than one week)
Scheduled periodicity
Coal Mine allows the periodicity of a canary to vary automatically based on the time, date, day of week, etc. There are three contexts in which this is useful:
a recurring task executes with different frequencies at different times;
a continuous recurring task takes more or less time to finish at different times; or
the urgency of responding to delays in a recurring task varies at different times.
To specify a varying periodicity for a canary, instead of just specifying a number of seconds, you specify a serious of crontab-like directives separated by semicolons. Here’s an example, split onto multiple lines for clarity:
# 5-minute delays are ok on weekends ; * * * * sat,sun 300 ; # 5-minute days are ok overnight ; * 0-12 * * mon-fri 300 ; # otherwise, we require a shorter periodicity ; * 13-23 * * mon-fri 90
Notes:
The last field in each directive is the periodicity value, i.e., the maximum number of seconds to allow between triggers during the specified time range.
As indicated above, even though the example is shown split across multiple lines, it must be specified all on one line when providing it to Coal Mine.
Note that comments like the ones shown above really are allowed in the schedule you specify to Coal Mine – they’re not just for decoration in the example – but you need to remember to end them with semicolons.
Schedule directives cannot overlap. For example, this won’t work, because the second directive overlaps with the first one every Saturday and Sunday between midnight and noon:
* * * * sat,sun 60 ; * 0-11 * * * 90
If a canary’s schedule has gaps, then the canary is effectively paused during them. For example, in this schedule, the canary would be paused all day Saturday:
* * * * sun 300 ; * * * * mon-fri 60
As with everything else in Coal Mine, the hours and minutes specified here are in UTC.
When you create or update a canary with a periodicity schedule, the canary data returned to you in response will include a “periodicity_schedule” field showing how the schedule you specified plays out. The schedule will extend far enough into the future for each of the directives you specified to be be shown at least once, or for a week, whichever is longer.
Installation and configuration
Server
pip install coal-mine
Create /etc/coal-mine.ini (see below)
Run coal-mine &
Put that in /etc/rc.local or something as needed to ensure that it is restarted on reboot.
Server configuration file
The server configuration file, coal-mine.ini, can go in the current directory where the server is launched, /etc, or /usr/local/etc. (If you need to put it somewhere else, modify the list of directories near the top of main() in server.py.)
The file is (obviously) in INI format. Here are the sections and settings that it can or must contain:
[logging] – optional
file – log file path; otherwise logging goes to stderr
rotate – if true, then rotate the log file when it gets too large
max_size – max log file size before rotating (default: 1048576)
backup_count – number of rotated log files to keep (default: 5)
[mongodb] – required
hosts – the first argument to pymongo 3’s MongoClient
database – database name. Coal Mine will create only one collection in the database, called “canaries”.
username – must be specified, but can be blank if no authentication is required
password – must be specified, but can be blank if no authentication is required
replicaSet – must be specified if using a replicaset
other arguments will be passed through to MongoClient
for example, ssl_cert_reqs can can be set to “NONE”, “OPTIONAL”, or “REQUIRED”
[email] – required
sender – email address to put in the From line of notification emails
[wsgi] – optional
port – port number the server should listen on (default: 80)
auth_key – if non-empty, then the specified key must be specified as a parameter of the same name with all API requests except “trigger”.
CLI
pip install coal-mine
cmcli configure [--host server-host-name] [--port server-port] [--auth-key key | --no-auth-key]
The --host argument can take a URL base (i.e., http://server-host-name or https://server-host-name) as well. This is useful if, for example, you’ve put your Coal Mine server behind an SSL proxy so the CLI needs to use SSL to connect to it.
The CLI stores its configuration in ~/.coal-mine.ini. Note that the authentication key is stored in plaintext. Any configuration parameters the CLI needs that aren’t stored in the INI file must be specified explicitly on the command line when using the CLI.
Using Coal Mine
CLI
The Coal Mine CLI, cmcli, provides convenient access to the full range of Coal Mine’s functionality.
To make the CLI easier to use, you can configure it as shown above, but you also have the option of specifying the server connection information every time you use it. Also, connnection information specified on the command line overrides the stored configuration.
Here are some example commands:
cmcli create --help cmcli create --name 'My Second Canary' --periodicity $((60*60*25)) # $((60*60*25)) is 25 hours cmcli trigger --id aseprogj cmcli delete --slug 'my-second-canary'
Run cmcli --help for more information.
For commands that operate on individual canaries, you can identify the canary with --id, --name, or --slug. Note that for the update command, if you want to update the name of a canary you will need to identify it --id or --slug, because in that case the --name argument is used to specify the new name.
API usage examples
Example commands
$ coal-mine &
[1] 7564
$ curl 'http://coal-mine-server/coal-mine/v1/canary/create?name=My+First+Canary&periodicity=3600'
{
"status": "ok",
"canary": {
"deadline": "2015-03-19T02:08:44.885182",
"id": "fbkvlsby",
"paused": false,
"description": "",
"periodicity": 3600,
"name": "My First Canary",
"slug": "my-first-canary",
"emails": [],
"history": [
[
"2015-03-19T01:08:44.885182",
"Canary created"
]
],
"late": false
}
}
$ curl 'http://coal-mine-server/fbkvlsby?comment=short+form+trigger+url'
{
"recovered": false,
"unpaused": false,
"status": "ok"
}
$ curl 'http://coal-mine-server/coal-mine/v1/canary/trigger?slug=my-first-canary&comment=long+form+trigger+url'
{
"recovered": false,
"unpaused": false,
"status": "ok"
}
$ curl 'http://coal-mine-server/coal-mine/v1/canary/get?name=My+First+Canary'
{
"canary": {
"paused": false,
"name": "My First Canary",
"history": [
[
"2015-03-19T01:11:56.408000",
"Triggered (long form trigger url)"
],
[
"2015-03-19T01:10:42.608000",
"Triggered (short form trigger url)"
],
[
"2015-03-19T01:08:44.885000",
"Canary created"
]
],
"emails": [],
"id": "fbkvlsby",
"late": false,
"slug": "my-first-canary",
"deadline": "2015-03-19T02:11:56.408000",
"periodicity": 3600,
"description": ""
},
"status": "ok"
}
All API endpoints are fully documented below.
Watching a cron job
0 0 * * * my-backup-script.sh && (curl http://coal-mine-server/fbkvlsby &>/dev/null)
API reference
All API endpoints are submitted as http(s) GET requests. Results are returned in JSON.
All results have a “status” field which is “ok” on success or “error” on failure. Failures also return a reasonable HTTP error status code.
Boolean fields in API should be specified as “true”, “yes”, or “1” for true, or “false”, “no”, “0”, or empty string for false. Boolean fields in responses are standard JSON, i.e., “true” or “false”.
Timestamps returned by the API are always UTC.
Create canary
Endpoint: /coal-mine/v1/canary/create
Side effects:
Adds canary to database. Creates history record at current time with “Canary created” as its comment. Sets deadline to current time plus periodicity, unless “paused” was specified.
Required parameters:
name
periodicity
auth_key (if authentication is enabled in the server)
Optional parameters:
description - empty if unspecified
email - specify multiple times for multiple addresses; no notifications if unspecified
paused - allows canary to be created already in paused state
Response is the same as shown for get().
Delete canary
Endpoint: /coal-mine/v1/canary/delete
Required parameters:
name, id, or slug
auth_key
Response:
{'status': 'ok'}
Update canary
Endpoint: /coal-mine/v1/canary/update
Side effects:
Updates the specified canary attributes. Updates deadline to latest history timestamp plus periodicity if periodicity is updated and canary is unpaused, and sets late state if new deadline is before now. Sends notification if canary goes from not late to late or vice versa.
Required parameters:
id or slug (not name, which should only be specified to update the name and slug)
auth_key
Optional parameters:
name
periodicity
description
email - specify a single value of “-” to clear existing email addresses
Response is the same as shown for get().
Get canary
Endpoint: /coal-mine/v1/canary/get
Required parameters:
name, id, or slug
auth_key
Response:
{'status': 'ok',
'canary': {'name': name,
'description': description,
'id': identifier,
'slug': slug,
'periodicity': seconds,
'emails': [address, ...],
'late': boolean,
'paused': boolean,
'deadline': 'YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ',
'history': [['YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ', comment], ...]}}
List canaries
Endpoint: /coal-mine/v1/canary/list
Required parameters:
auth_key
Optional parameters:
verbose - include all query output for each canary
paused - boolean, whether to list paused / unpaused canaries only
late - boolean, whether to list late / timely canaries only
search - string, regular expression to match against name, identifier, and slug
Response:
{'status': 'ok',
'canaries': [{'name': name,
'id': identifier},
...]}
If “verbose” is true, then the JSON for each canary includes all the fields shown above, not just the name and identifier.
Trigger canary
Endpoint: /coal-mine/v1/canary/trigger
Also: /identifier, in which case the “id” parameter is implied
Note that the server will accept POST requests for triggers as well as GET requests, so that you can use triggers as webhooks in applications that expect to be able to POST. The content of the POST is ignored; even when using POST, the API parameters must still be specified as a query string.
Side effects:
Sets late state to false. Sets deadline to now plus periodicity. Adds history record. Prunes history records. Unpauses canary. Generates notification email if canary was previously late.
Required parameters:
name, id, or slug
Optional parameters:
comment - stored in history with trigger record
Response:
{'status': 'ok', 'recovered': boolean, 'unpaused': boolean}
recovered - indicates whether the canary was previously late before this trigger
unpaused - indicates whether the canary was previously paused before this trigger
Pause canary
Endpoint: /coal-mine/v1/canary/pause
Side effects:
Clears deadline. Sets late state to false if necessary. Pauses canary. Adds history record about pause. Prunes history records.
Required parameters:
name, id, or slug
auth_key
Optional parameters:
comment
Response is the same as shown for get().
Unpause canary
Endpoint: /coal-mine/v1/canary/unpause
Side effects:
Sets deadline to now plus periodicity. Unpauses canary. Adds history record about unpause. Prunes history records.
Required parameters:
name, id, or slug
auth_key
Optional parameters:
comment
Response is the same as shown for get().
Quis custodiet ipsos custodes?
Obviously, if you’re relying on Coal Mine to let you know when something is wrong, you need to make sure that Coal Mine itself stays running. One way to do that is to have a cron job which periodically triggers a canary and generates output (which crond will email to you) if the trigger fails. Something like:
0 * * * * (curl http://coal-mine-server/atvywzoa | grep -q -s '"status": "ok"') || echo "Failed to trigger canary."
I also recommend using a log-monitoring service such as Papertrail to monitor and alert about errors in the Coal Mine log.
Contacts
Contributors
Coal Mine was created by Jonathan Kamens, with design help from the awesome folks at Quantopian. Thanks, also, to Quantopian for supporting the development and open-sourcing of this project.
Development philosophy
Use Python.
Do one, simple thing well. There are several similar projects out there that do more than this project attempts to do.
Make the implementation as simple and straightforward as possible. The code should be small. What everything does should be obvious from reading it.
Minimize external dependencies. If something is simple and straightforward to do ourselves, don’t use a third-party package just for the sake of using a third-party package.
Alternatives
Alternatives to Coal Mine include:
We chose to write something new, rather than using what’s already out there, for several reasons:
We wanted more control over the stability and reliability of our watch service than the commercial alternatives provide.
We wanted fine-grained control over the periodicity of our watches, as well as assurance that we would be notified immediately when a watch is late, something that not all of the alternatives guarantee.
We like Python.
We like OSS.
To Do
(Pull requests welcome!)
Other storage engines.
Other notification mechanisms.
More smtplib configuration options in INI file.
Web UI.
Links to Web UI in email notifications.
Repeat notifications if a canary remains late for an extended period of time? Not even sure I want this.
Better authentication?
Support time-zone localization of displayed timestamps.
SSL support in server
Release history Release notifications | RSS feed
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