An object that enables chaining multiple iterables to serve them lazily as a queryset-compatible object.
Project description
This module provides a way to chain multiple finite iterables for consumption as a QuerySet-compatible object.
Quickstart
Let’s start with an example. Say we have a couple of abstract database models which enables us to reuse fields later on:
class Titled(db.Model):
title = db.CharField(max_length=100)
class Meta:
abstract = True
class Dynamic(db.Model):
duration = db.PositiveIntegerField()
class Meta:
abstract = True
We also have concrete database models that share some of those fields:
class Video(Titled, Dynamic):
RESOLUTION = (
(1, '240p'), (2, '320p'), (3, '480p'),
(4, '720p'), (5, '1080p')
)
author = db.CharField(max_length=100)
resolution = db.IntegerField(choices=RESOLUTION)
class Song(Titled, Dynamic):
GENRE = (
(1, 'Country'), (2, 'Folk'), (3, 'Polka'),
(4, 'Western'), (5, 'World')
)
artist = db.CharField(max_length=100)
genre = db.IntegerField(choices=GENRE)
Our database already contains some data:
>>> Video.objects.all() [<Video: Psy - Gangnam Style (253 s at 1080p)>, <Video: Justin Bieber - Baby (225 s at 720p)>, <Video: Lady Gaga - Bad Romance (308 s at 320p)>, <Video: Shakira - Waka Waka (211 s at 480p)>] >>> Song.objects.all() [<Song: Gotye feat. Kimbra - Somebody That I Used to Know (244 s; Folk)>, <Song: Coldplay - Clocks (307 s; Polka)>, <Song: Muse - Madness (279 s; Country)>, <Song: Florence + The Machine - Spectrum (218 s; Folk)>]
A basic chain
Let’s create a simple chain:
>>> from dj.chain import chain >>> media = chain(Video.objects.all(), Song.objects.all())
We can collectively call QuerySet-related methods on it:
>>> media.count() 8
We can also filter it further:
>>> list(media.filter(duration__gt=250)) [<Video: Psy - Gangnam Style (253 s at 1080p)>, <Video: Lady Gaga - Bad Romance (308 s at 320p)>, <Song: Coldplay - Clocks (307 s; Polka)>, <Song: Muse - Madness (279 s; Country)>]
Check the cumulative length:
>>> media.filter(duration__gt=250).count() 4
Use indices and slices:
>>> media.filter(duration__gt=250)[1] <Video: Lady Gaga - Bad Romance (308 s at 320p)> >>> list(media[3:6]) [<Video: Shakira - Waka Waka (211 s at 480p)>, <Song: Gotye feat. Kimbra - Somebody That I Used to Know (244 s; Folk)>, <Song: Coldplay - Clocks (307 s; Polka)>] >>> list(media[1::3]) [<Video: Justin Bieber - Baby (225 s at 720p)>, <Song: Gotye feat. Kimbra - Somebody That I Used to Know (244 s; Folk)>, <Song: Florence + The Machine - Spectrum (218 s; Folk)>]
Use cumulative sorting and filtering:
>>> list(media.order_by('title'))
[<Video: Justin Bieber - Baby (225 s at 720p)>,
<Video: Lady Gaga - Bad Romance (308 s at 320p)>,
<Song: Coldplay - Clocks (307 s; Polka)>,
<Video: Psy - Gangnam Style (253 s at 1080p)>,
<Song: Muse - Madness (279 s; Country)>,
<Song: Gotye feat. Kimbra - Somebody That I Used to Know (244 s; Folk)>,
<Song: Florence + The Machine - Spectrum (218 s; Folk)>,
<Video: Shakira - Waka Waka (211 s at 480p)>]
>>> list(media.order_by('-duration').filter(duration__lt=300))
[<Song: Muse - Madness (279 s; Country)>,
<Video: Psy - Gangnam Style (253 s at 1080p)>,
<Song: Gotye feat. Kimbra - Somebody That I Used to Know (244 s; Folk)>,
<Video: Justin Bieber - Baby (225 s at 720p)>,
<Song: Florence + The Machine - Spectrum (218 s; Folk)>,
<Video: Shakira - Waka Waka (211 s at 480p)>]
Etc.
Chaining heterogenic iterables
We can add iterables that aren’t QuerySets to the bunch:
>>> from collections import namedtuple
>>> Book = namedtuple('Book', "author title page_count")
>>> books=(
... Book(author='Charles Dickens', title='A Tale of Two Cities', page_count=869),
... Book(author='Miguel de Cervantes', title='Don Quixote', page_count=1212),
... )
>>> media=chain(Video.objects.all(), books)
>>> media.count()
6
>>> list(media)
[<Video: Psy - Gangnam Style (253 s at 1080p)>,
<Video: Justin Bieber - Baby (225 s at 720p)>,
<Video: Lady Gaga - Bad Romance (308 s at 320p)>,
<Video: Shakira - Waka Waka (211 s at 480p)>,
Book(author='Charles Dickens', title='A Tale of Two Cities', page_count=869),
Book(author='Miguel de Cervantes', title='Don Quixote', page_count=1212)]
You can also use cumulative ordering in this case. The only thing you need to keep in mind is that iterables which are not QuerySets should be presorted for the cumulative result to be ordered correctly. An example:
>>> list(media.order_by('title'))
[Book(author='Charles Dickens', title='A Tale of Two Cities', page_count=869),
<Video: Justin Bieber - Baby (225 s at 720p)>,
<Video: Lady Gaga - Bad Romance (308 s at 320p)>,
Book(author='Miguel de Cervantes', title='Don Quixote', page_count=1212),
<Video: Psy - Gangnam Style (253 s at 1080p)>,
<Video: Shakira - Waka Waka (211 s at 480p)>]
You can also use the cumulative values and values_list transformations:
>>> media = chain(mt.Video.objects.all(), mt.books)
>>> list(media.values('title'))
[{'title': u'Gangnam Style'}, {'title': u'Baby'}, {'title': u'Bad Romance'},
{'title': u'Waka Waka'}, {'title': u'A Tale of Two Cities'},
{'title': u'Don Quixote'}]
>>> list(media.values_list('title', 'author'))
[(u'Gangnam Style', u'Psy'), (u'Baby', u'Justin Bieber'),
(u'Bad Romance', u'Lady Gaga'), (u'Waka Waka', u'Shakira'),
(u'A Tale of Two Cities', u'Charles Dickens'),
(u'Don Quixote', u'Miguel de Cervantes')]
>>> list(media.values_list('author', flat=True))
[u'Psy', u'Justin Bieber', u'Lady Gaga', u'Shakira', u'Charles Dickens',
u'Miguel de Cervantes']
Custom filtering, sorting and transformations
Chains provide special overridable static methods used while yielding values:
xfilter(value) - yield a value only if xfilter(value) returns True. See known issues below.
xform(value) - transforms the value JIT before yielding it back. It is only called for values within the specified slice and those which passed xfilter.
xkey(value) - returns a value to be used in comparison between elements if sorting should be used. Individual iterables should be presorted for the complete result to be sorted properly. Any cumulative order_by clauses are executed before the xkey method is used.
Methods silently ignored on incompatible iterables
Chains may contain both QuerySet-like objects and other iterables. There are methods which apply only to the former if called collectively on the chain object. These are:
defer
exclude
extra
filter
only
prefetch_related
select_for_update
select_related
using
By default dj.chain considers any iterable a QuerySet-like object as long as it has a method required for the collective call. For example if your custom iterable supports a defer method, it will be used on collective defer calls. If that behaviour is undesirable, you should pass strict=True when constructing a chain:
c = chain(Article.objects.all(), custom_entries, strict=True)
In this case the above methods will only be called on actual QuerySet instances. Note that methods with custom handling of other iterables (like count and order_by) still work.
Unsupported methods
The following methods cannot be supported in a heterogenic context:
create
get_or_create
bulk_create
Methods below are not supported yet but the support is planned in a future release:
aggregate
annotate
dates
delete
distinct
get
in_bulk
reverse
update
Known issues
If slicing or xfilter is used, reported len() is computed by iterating over all iterables so performance is weak. Note that len() is used by list() when you convert your chain to a list or when iterating over the chain in Django templates. If this is not expected, you can convert to a list using a workaround like this:
list(e for e in some_chain)
Indexing on chains uses iteration underneath so performance is weak. This feature is only available as a last resort. Slicing on the other hand is also lazy.
Collective filter and exclude silently skip filtering on incompatible iterables. Use xfilter(value) as a workaround.
How do I run the tests?
The easiest way would be to run:
$ DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE="dj._chaintestproject.settings" django-admin.py test
Change Log
0.9.2
Long overdue Python 3 support (considered experimental)
0.9.1
support for collective values and values_list transformations
support for collective defer, extra, only, prefetch_related, select_for_update, select_related and using methods (silently ignored for incompatible iterables)
strict mode (non-QuerySet objects are not tried for compatibility with collective methods)
fixed an import error due to incomplete separation from lck.django
0.9.0
code separated from lck.django
support for collective sort using QuerySet-like order_by on a chain
fix for slices with custom steps
PEP8-fied all sources
Release history Release notifications | RSS feed
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