dns-crawler

A crawler for getting info about (possibly a huge number of) DNS domains

What does it do?

Despite the name, the crawler gets info for more services than just DNS:

• DNS:
  • all A/AAAA records (for the 2nd level domain and www. subdomain), annotated with GeoIP
  • TXT records (with SPF and DMARC parsed for easier filtering)
  • TLSA (for the 2nd level domain and www. subdomain)
  • MX
  • DNSSEC validation
  • nameservers:
    • each server IP annotated with GeoIP
    • HOSTNAME.BIND, VERSION.BIND, AUTHORS.BIND and fortune (also for all IPs)
  • users can add custom additional RRs in the config file
• E-mail (for every server from MX):
  • SMTP server banners
  • TLSA records
• Web:
  • HTTP status & headers (inc. parsed cookies) for ports 80 & 443 on each IP from A/AAAA records
  • certificate info for HTTPS (optionally with an entire cert chain)
  • webpage content (optional)
  • everything of the above is saved for each step in the redirect history – the crawler follows redirects until it gets a non-redirecting status or hits a configurable limit
  • HSTS preload list status for a domain

Answers from name and mail servers are cached, so the crawler shouldn't flood hosting providers with repeating queries.

If you need to configure a firewall, the crawler connects to ports 53 (both UDP and TCP), 25 (TCP), 80 (TCP), and 443 (TCP for now, but we might add UDP with HTTP3…).

See result-example.json to get an idea what the resulting JSON looks like.

How fast is it anyway?

A single fairly modern laptop on ~50Mbps connection can crawl the entire .cz zone (~1.3M second level domains) overnight, give or take, using 8 workers per CPU thread.

Since the crawler is designed to be parallel, the actual speed depends almost entirely on the worker count. And it can scale accross multiple machines almost infinitely, so should you need a million domains crawled in an hour, you can always just throw more hardware at it (see below).

CZ.NIC uses 4 machines in production (8-core Xeon Bronze 3106, 16 GB RAM, gigabit line) and crawling the entire .cz zone takes under 3 hours.

Installation

Create and activate a virtual environment:

mkdir dns-crawler
cd dns-crawler
python3 -m venv .venv
source .venv/bin/activate

Install dns-crawler:

pip install dns-crawler

This is enough to make the crawler work, but you will probably get AttributeError: module 'dns.message' has no attribute 'Truncated' for a lot of domains. This is because the crawler uses current dnspython, but the last release on PyPI is ages behind the current code. It can be fixed easily just by installing dnspython from git:

pip install -U git+https://github.com/rthalley/dnspython.git

(PyPI doesn't allow us to specify the git url it in dependencies unfortunately)

Basic usage

To run a single-threaded crawler (suitable for small domain counts), just pass a domain list:

$ echo -e "nic.cz\nnetmetr.cz\nroot.cz" > domain-list.txt
$ dns-crawler domain-list.txt > results.json
[2019-12-03 11:03:54] Reading domains from domain-list.txt.
[2019-12-03 11:03:54] Read 3 domains.
[2019-12-03 11:03:55] 1/3
[2019-12-03 11:03:55] 2/3
[2019-12-03 11:03:56] 3/3
[2019-12-03 11:03:56] Finished.

Results are printed to stdout – JSON for every domain, separated by \n:

$ cat results.json
{"domain": "nic.cz", "timestamp": "2019-12-03 10:03:55", "results": {…}}
{"domain": "netmetr.cz", "timestamp": "2019-12-03 10:03:55", "results": {…}}
{"domain": "root.cz", "timestamp": "2019-12-03 10:03:56", "results": {…}}

If you want formatted JSONs, just pipe the output through jq or your tool of choice: dns-crawler domain-list.txt | jq.

Multithreaded crawling

The crawler can run with multiple threads to speed things up when you have a lot of domains to go through. Communication betweeen the controller and workers is done through Redis (this makes it easy to run workers on multiple machines if needed, see below).

Start Redis. The exact command depends on your system.

Feed domains into queue and wait for results:

$ dns-crawler-controller domain-list.txt > result.json

(in another shell) Start workers which process the domains and return results to the controller:

$ dns-crawler-workers

Using the controller also gives you caching of repeating queries (mailserver banners and hostname.bind/version.bind for nameservers) for free.

Redis configuration

No special config needed, but increase the memory limit if you have a lot of domains to process (eg. maxmemory 2G). You can also disable disk snapshots to save some I/O time (comment out the save … lines). If you're not already using Redis for other things, read its log – there are often some recommendations for performance improvements.

Results

Results are printed to the main process' (dns-crawler or dns-crawler-controller) stdout – JSON for every domain, separated by \n:

…
[2019-05-03 07:38:17] 2/3
{"domain": "nic.cz", "timestamp": "2019-09-24T05:28:06.536991", "results": {…}}
…

The progress info with timestamp is printed to stderr, so you can save just the output easily – dns-crawler list.txt > results.

A JSON schema for the output JSON is included in this repository: result-schema.json, and also an example for nic.cz: result-example.json.

There are several tools for schema validation, viewing, and even code generation.

To validate a result against schema (CI is set up to do it automatically):

$ pip install jsonschema
$ jsonschema -i result-example.json result-schema.json # if it prints nothing, it's valid

Or, if you don't loathe JS, ajv has a much better output:

$ npm i -g ajv
$ ajv validate -s result-schema.json -d result-example.json

Storing crawler results

In production, CZ.NIC uses Hadoop cluster to store the results file after the crawler run is over – see a script in utils/crawler-hadoop.sh (pushes the results file to Hadoop and notifies a Mattermost channel).

You can even pipe the output right to hadoop without even storing it on your disk:

dns-crawler-controller domain-list.txt | ssh user@hadoop-node "HADOOP_USER_NAME=… hadoop fs -put - /path/to/results.json;"

Working with the results

• R package for dns-crawler output processing

Usage in Python code

Just import and use the process_domain function like so:

$ python
>>> from dns_crawler.crawl import process_domain
>>> result = process_domain("nic.cz")
>>> result
{'domain': 'nic.cz', 'timestamp': '2019-09-13T09:21:10.136303', 'results': { … 
>>>
>>> result["results"]["DNS_LOCAL"]["DNS_AUTH"]
[{'value': 'a.ns.nic.cz.'}, {'value': 'b.ns.nic.cz.'}, {'value': 'd.ns.nic.cz.'}]

The process_domain function returns Python dicts. If you want json, use from dns_crawler.crawl import get_json_result instead:

$ python
>>> from dns_crawler.crawl import get_json_result
>>> result = get_json_result("nic.cz")
>>> result
# same as above, just converted to JSON

This function just calls crawl_domain and converts the dict to JSON string. It's used by the workers, so the conversion is done by them to take some pressure off the controller process.

Config file

GeoIP DB paths, DNS resolver IP(s), and timeouts are read from config.yml in the working directory, if present.

The default values are:

geoip:
  country: /usr/share/GeoIP/GeoLite2-Country.mmdb
  asn: /usr/share/GeoIP/GeoLite2-ASN.mmdb
  # Using commercial DBs instead:
  # country: /usr/share/GeoIP/GeoIP2-Country.mmdb
  # isp: /usr/share/GeoIP/GeoIP2-ISP.mmdb
dns:
  resolvers:
    - 193.17.47.1  # https://www.nic.cz/odvr/
  check_www: True  # get A/AAAA/TLSA records for the `www.` subdomain (and use them for WEB_* stuff later, too)
  auth_chaos_txt:  # CH TXT to query the domain's auth server for (eg. `authors.bind` or `fortune`)
    - hostname.bind
    - version.bind
  # add 'additional' here to get more DNS records, more about that in a dedicated section
  # additional:
  #  - SPF
timeouts:
  job: 80  # seconds, overall job (one domain crawl) duration when using dns-crawler-controller, jobs will fail after that and you can retry/abort them as needed
  dns: 2  # seconds, timeout for dns queries
  http: 2  # seconds, connection timeout for HTTP(S)/TLS requests
  http_read: 5  # seconds, read timeout when saving web content
  cache: 900  # TTL for cached responses (used for mail and name servers), they will expire after this much seconds since their last use
mail:
  get_banners: False  # connect to SMTP servers and save banners they send (you might want to turn it off if your ISP is touchy about higher traffic on port 25, or just to save time)
  ports: # ports to use for TLSA records (_PORT._tcp.…) and mailserver banners
    - 25
    - 465
    - 587
web:
  save_content: False  # save website content – beware, setting this to True will output HUGE files for higher domain counts
  strip_html: True  # when saving web content, save just text (strip HTML tags, scripts, CSS, and abundant whitespace)
  save_binary: True  # save even binary content (eg. application/octet-stream) in base64 data uris
  max_redirects: 6  # follow HTTP redirrects (301, 302, …) until this limit
  user_agent: Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.131 Safari/537.36  # User-Agent header to use for HTTP(S) requests
  accept_language: en-US;q=0.9,en;q=0.8  # Accept-Language header to use for HTTP(S) requests
  content_size_limit: 5120000  # Truncate the saved content to this number of chacters (or bytes for binary content). If you choose to use strip_html, the content is truncated _after_ that. Huge values (hunderds of MB, depending on your RAM size and number of workers) can cause UnpicklingError when reading the result from Redis.
  max_ips_per_domain: null  # max A/AAAA records to try to get web content from for each www/nonwww–80/443-ipv4/6 combination, integer or null for unlimited. Some domains take it the extreme (> 20 records) and have broken HTTPS on webservers, so adjust HTTP and job timeouts accordingly…
  check_http: True  # Try to connect via HTTP (port 80)
  check_https: True  # Try to connect via HTTPS (port 443)
  check_ipv4: True  # Try to connect to IP(s) from A records
  check_ipv6: True  # Try to connect to IP(s) from AAAA records
  save_intermediate_steps: True  # Save intermediate redirect steps (otherwise save just the last one).
  flatten_output: False  # If only one of www/nonwww–ipv4/ipv6–http/https combinations is left, save it directly into "WEB" field. Also save the per-ip object directly into web results if htere was only one Ip (either from DNS of by setting max_ips_per_domain to 1)

If you're using the multi-threaded crawler (dns-crawler-controller & dns-crawler-workers), the config is loaded by the controlled and shared with the workers via Redis.

You can override it on the worker machines if needed – just create a config.yml in their working dir (eg. to set different resolver IP(s) or GeoIP paths on each machine). The config is then merged – directives not defined in the worker config are loaded from the controller one (and defaults are used if the're not defined there either).

Using commercial GeoIP DBs

Tell the crawler to use (GeoIP2 Country and ISP) DBs instead of free (GeoLite2 Country and ASN) ones:

geoip:
  country: /usr/share/GeoIP/GeoLite2-Country.mmdb
  #  asn: /usr/share/GeoIP/GeoLite2-ASN.mmdb  # 'asn' is the free DB
  isp: /usr/share/GeoIP/GeoIP2-ISP.mmdb  # 'isp' is the commercial one

(use either absolute paths or relative to the working directory)

ISP (paid) database is preferred over ASN (free), if both are defined. The difference is described on Maxmind's website: https://dev.maxmind.com/faq/what-is-the-difference-between-the-geoip-isp-and-organization-databases/.

The free GeoLite2-Country seems to be a bit inaccurate, especially for IPv6 (it places some CZ.NIC nameservers in Ukraine etc.).

Getting additional DNS resource records:

You can easily get some additional RRs (for the 2nd level domain) which aren't included in the crawler by default:

dns:
  additional:
    - SPF
    - CAA
    - CERT
    - LOC
    - SSHFP

See the List of DNS record types for some ideas. Things like OPENPGPKEY won't work though, because they are intented to be used on a subdomain (generated as a hash of part of e-mail address in this case).

You can plug a parser for the record by adding a function to the additional_parsers enum in dns_utils.py. The only one included by default is SPF (since the deprecated SPF record has the same format as SPF from TXT which the crawler is getting by default).

Command line parameters

dns-crawler

dns-crawler - a single-threaded crawler to process a small number of domains without a need for Redis

Usage: dns-crawler <file>
       file - plaintext domain list, one domain per line, empty lines are ignored

dns-crawler-controller

dns-crawler-controller - the main process controlling the job queue and printing results.

Usage: dns-crawler-controller <file> [redis]
       file - plaintext domain list, one domain per line, empty lines are ignored
       redis - redis host:port:db, localhost:6379:0 by default

Examples: dns-crawler-controller domains.txt
          dns-crawler-controller domains.txt 192.168.0.22:4444:0
          dns-crawler-controller domains.txt redis.foo.bar:7777:2
          dns-crawler-controller domains.txt redis.foo.bar # port 6379 and DB 0 will be used if not specified

The controller process uses threads (4 for each CPU core) to create the jobs faster when you give it a lot of domains (>1000× CPU core count).

It's much faster on (more) modern machines – eg. i7-7600U (with HT) in a laptop does about 19k jobs/s, while server with Xeon X3430 (without HT) does just about ~7k (both using 16 threads, as they both appear as 4 core to the system).

To cancel the process, just send a kill signal or hit Ctrl-C any time. The process will perform cleanup and exit.

dns-crawler-workers

dns-crawler-workers - a process that spawns crawler workers.

Usage: dns-crawler-workers [count] [redis]
       count - worker count, 8 workers per CPU core by default
       redis - redis host:port:db, localhost:6379:0 by default

Examples: dns-crawler-workers 8
          dns-crawler-workers 24 192.168.0.22:4444:0
          dns-crawler-workers 16 redis.foo.bar:7777:2
          dns-crawler-workers 16 redis.foo.bar # port 6379 and DB 0 will be used if not specified

Trying to use more than 24 workers per CPU core will result in a warning (and countdown before it actually starts the workers):

$ dns-crawler-workers 999
Whoa. You are trying to run 999 workers on 4 CPU cores. It's easy toscale
across multiple machines, if you need to. See README.md for details.

Cancel now (Ctrl-C) or have a fire extinguisher ready.
5 - 4 - 3 -

Stopping works the same way as with the controller process – Ctrl-C (or kill signal) will finish the current job(s) and exit.

Resuming work

Stopping the workers won't delete the jobs from Redis. So, if you stop the dns-crawler-workers process and then start a new one (perhaps to use different worker count…), it will pick up the unfinished jobs and continue.

This can also be used change the worker count if it turns out to be too low or high for your machine or network:

• to reduce the worker count, just stop the dns-crawler-workers process and start a new one with a new count
• to increase the worker count, either use the same approach, or just start a second dns-crawler-workers process in another shell, the worker count will just add up
• scaling to multiple machines works the same way, see below

Running on multiple machines

Since all communication between the controller and workers is done through Redis, it's easy to scale the crawler to any number of machines:

machine-1                     machine-1
┬───────────────────────────┐         ┬─────────────────────┐
│    dns-crawler-controller │ ------- │ dns-crawler-workers │
│             +             │         └─────────────────────┘
│           redis           │
│             +             │
│        DNS resolver       │
└───────────────────────────┘
                                      machine-2
                                      ┬─────────────────────┐
                              ------- │ dns-crawler-workers │
                                      └─────────────────────┘
                                      …
                                      …

                                      machine-n
                                      ┬─────────────────────┐
                              _______ │ dns-crawler-workers │
                                      └─────────────────────┘

Just tell the workers to connect to the shared Redis on the main server, eg.:

$ dns-crawler-workers 24 192.168.0.2:6379
                    ^            ^
                    24 threads   redis host

Make sure to run the workers with ~same Python version on these machines, otherwise you'll get unsupported pickle protocol errors. See the pickle protocol versions in Python docs.

The DNS resolver doesn't have to be on a same machine as the dns-crawler-controller, of course – just set it's IP in config.yml. The crawler is tested primarily with CZ.NIC's Knot Resolver, but should work with any sane resolver supporting DNSSEC. Systemd's systemd-resolved seems to be really slow though.

Same goes for Redis, you can point both controller and workers to a separate machine running Redis (don't forget to point them to an empty DB if you're using Redis for other things than the dns-crawler, it uses 0 by default).

Updating dependencies

MaxMind updates GeoIP DBs on Tuesdays, so it may be a good idea to set a cron job to keep them fresh. More about that on maxmind.com: Automatic Updates for GeoIP2.

If you want reliable results for HSTS (= whether the given domain was included in the preload list at the time it was crawled), update the list regularly:

pip install -U hstspreload

The utils/run-crawler.sh example script does it for you on each run, feel free to adapt it to your environment.

If you use multiple machines to run the workers, don't forget to update GeoIP and hstspreload on all of them.

Monitoring

Command line

$ rq info
default      |████████████████████ 219458
1 queues, 219458 jobs total

0 workers, 1 queues

Web interface

$ pip install rq-dashboard
$ rq-dashboard
RQ Dashboard version 0.4.0                                                 
 * Serving Flask app "rq_dashboard.cli" (lazy loading)                            
 * Environment: production                                                
   WARNING: Do not use the development server in a production environment. 
   Use a production WSGI server instead.                                          
 * Debug mode: off                            
 * Running on http://0.0.0.0:9181/ (Press CTRL+C to quit)

Tests

Some basic tests are in the tests directory in this repo. If you want to run them manually, take a look at the test stage jobs in .gitlab-ci.yml. Basically it just downloads free GeoIP DBs, tells the crawler to use them, and crawles some domains, checking values in JSON output. It runs the tests twice – first with the default DNS resolvers (ODVR) and then with system one(s).

If you're looking into writing some additional tests, be aware that some Docker containers used in GitLab CI don't have IPv6 configured (even if it's working on the host machine), so checking for eg. WEB6_80_www_VENDOR will fail without additional setup.

OS support

The crawler is developed primarily for Linux, but it should work on any OS supported by Python – at least the worker part (but the controller should work too, if you manage to get a Redis server running on your OS).

One exception is Windows, because it doesn't support fork(), but it's possible to get it working under WSL (Windows Subsystem for Linux):

…so you can turn a gaming machine into an internet crawler quite easily.

Bug reporting

Please create issues in this Gitlab repo.