eth-utils 0.7.0

Ethereum Utils
==============

|Join the chat at https://gitter.im/ethereum/eth\_utils|

|Build Status|

Common utility functions for codebases which interact with ethereum.

Installation
------------

.. code:: sh

pip install eth-utils

Development
-----------

Clone the repository and then run:

.. code:: sh

pip install -e . -r requirements-dev.txt

Running the tests
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

You can run the tests with:

.. code:: sh

py.test tests

Or you can install ``tox`` to run the full test suite.

Releasing
~~~~~~~~~

Pandoc is required for transforming the markdown README to the proper
format to render correctly on pypi.

For Debian-like systems:

::

apt install pandoc

Or on OSX:

.. code:: sh

brew install pandoc

To release a new version:

.. code:: sh

bumpversion $$VERSION_PART_TO_BUMP$$
git push && git push --tags
make release

Documentation
-------------

All functions can be imported directly from the ``eth_utils`` module

ABI Utils
~~~~~~~~~

``event_abi_to_log_topic(event_abi)`` -> bytes
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Returns the 32 byte log topic for the given event abi.

.. code:: python

>>> event_abi_to_log_topic({'type': 'event', 'anonymous': False, 'name': 'MyEvent', 'inputs': []})
b'M\xbf\xb6\x8bC\xdd\xdf\xa1+Q\xeb\xe9\x9a\xb8\xfd\xedb\x0f\x9a\n\xc21B\x87\x9aO\x19*\x1byR\xd2'

``event_signature_to_log_topic(event_signature)`` -> bytes
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Returns the 32 byte log topic for the given event signature.

.. code:: python

>>> event_signature_to_log_topic('MyEvent()')
b'M\xbf\xb6\x8bC\xdd\xdf\xa1+Q\xeb\xe9\x9a\xb8\xfd\xedb\x0f\x9a\n\xc21B\x87\x9aO\x19*\x1byR\xd2'

``function_abi_to_4byte_selector(function_abi)`` -> bytes
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Returns the 4 byte function selector for the given function abi.

.. code:: python

>>> function_abi_to_4byte_selector({'type': 'function', 'name': 'myFunction', 'inputs': [], 'outputs': []})
b'\xc3x\n:'

``function_signature_to_4byte_selector(function_signature)`` -> bytes
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Returns the 4 byte function selector for the given function signature.

.. code:: python

>>> function_signature_to_4byte_selector('myFunction()')
b'\xc3x\n:'

Address Utils
~~~~~~~~~~~~~

``is_address(value)`` -> bool
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Returns ``True`` if the ``value`` is one of the following accepted
address formats.

- 20 byte hexidecimal, upper/lower/mixed case, with or without ``0x``
prefix:

- ``'d3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601'``
- ``'0xd3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601'``
- ``'0xD3CDA913DEB6F67967B99D67ACDFA1712C293601'``
- ``'0xd3CdA913deB6f67967B99D67aCDFa1712C293601'``

- 20 byte hexidecimal padded to 32 bytes with null bytes,
upper/lower/mixed case, with or without ``0x`` prefix:

- ``'000000000000000000000000d3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601'``
- ``'000000000000000000000000d3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601'``
- ``'0x000000000000000000000000d3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601'``
- ``'0x000000000000000000000000D3CDA913DEB6F67967B99D67ACDFA1712C293601'``
- ``'0x000000000000000000000000d3CdA913deB6f67967B99D67aCDFa1712C293601'``

- 20 text or bytes string:

- ``'\xd3\xcd\xa9\x13\xde\xb6\xf6yg\xb9\x9dg\xac\xdf\xa1q,)6\x01'``

- 20 text or bytes string padded to 32 bytes with null bytes.

- ``'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\xd3\xcd\xa9\x13\xde\xb6\xf6yg\xb9\x9dg\xac\xdf\xa1q,)6\x01'``

This function has two special cases when it will return False:

- a 20-byte hex string that has mixed case, with an invalid checksum
- a 32-byte value that is all null bytes

.. code:: python

>>> is_address('d3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601')
True
>>> is_address('0xd3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601')
True
>>> is_address('0xD3CDA913DEB6F67967B99D67ACDFA1712C293601')
True
>>> is_address('0xd3CdA913deB6f67967B99D67aCDFa1712C293601')
True
>>> is_address('000000000000000000000000d3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601')
True
>>> is_address('000000000000000000000000d3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601')
True
>>> is_address('0x000000000000000000000000d3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601')
True
>>> is_address('0x000000000000000000000000D3CDA913DEB6F67967B99D67ACDFA1712C293601')
True
>>> is_address('0x000000000000000000000000d3CdA913deB6f67967B99D67aCDFa1712C293601')
True
>>> is_address('\xd3\xcd\xa9\x13\xde\xb6\xf6yg\xb9\x9dg\xac\xdf\xa1q,)6\x01')
True
>>> is_address('\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\xd3\xcd\xa9\x13\xde\xb6\xf6yg\xb9\x9dg\xac\xdf\xa1q,)6\x01')
True
>>> is_address('0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000')
False
>>> is_address('\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00')
False

``is_hex_address(value)`` => bool
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Return ``True`` if the value is a 20 byte hexidecimal encoded string in
any of upper/lower/mixed casing, with or without the ``0x`` prefix.
Otherwise return ``False``

- ``'d3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601'``
- ``'0xd3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601'``
- ``'0xD3CDA913DEB6F67967B99D67ACDFA1712C293601'``
- ``'0xd3CdA913deB6f67967B99D67aCDFa1712C293601'``

.. code:: python

>>> is_hex_address('d3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601')
True
>>> is_hex_address('0xd3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601')
True
>>> is_hex_address('0xD3CDA913DEB6F67967B99D67ACDFA1712C293601')
True
>>> is_hex_address('0xd3CdA913deB6f67967B99D67aCDFa1712C293601')
True
>>> is_hex_address('000000000000000000000000d3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601')
False
>>> is_hex_address('000000000000000000000000d3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601')
False
>>> is_hex_address('0x000000000000000000000000d3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601')
False
>>> is_hex_address('0x000000000000000000000000D3CDA913DEB6F67967B99D67ACDFA1712C293601')
False
>>> is_hex_address('0x000000000000000000000000d3CdA913deB6f67967B99D67aCDFa1712C293601')
False
>>> is_hex_address('\xd3\xcd\xa9\x13\xde\xb6\xf6yg\xb9\x9dg\xac\xdf\xa1q,)6\x01')
False
>>> is_hex_address('\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\xd3\xcd\xa9\x13\xde\xb6\xf6yg\xb9\x9dg\xac\xdf\xa1q,)6\x01')
False
>>> is_hex_address('0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000')
False
>>> is_hex_address('\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00')
False

``is_binary_address(value)`` -> bool
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Return ``True`` if the value is a 20 byte string.

.. code:: python

>>> is_binary_address('d3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601')
False
>>> is_binary_address('0xd3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601')
False
>>> is_binary_address('0xD3CDA913DEB6F67967B99D67ACDFA1712C293601')
False
>>> is_binary_address('0xd3CdA913deB6f67967B99D67aCDFa1712C293601')
False
>>> is_binary_address('000000000000000000000000d3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601')
False
>>> is_binary_address('000000000000000000000000d3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601')
False
>>> is_binary_address('0x000000000000000000000000d3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601')
False
>>> is_binary_address('0x000000000000000000000000D3CDA913DEB6F67967B99D67ACDFA1712C293601')
False
>>> is_binary_address('0x000000000000000000000000d3CdA913deB6f67967B99D67aCDFa1712C293601')
False
>>> is_binary_address('\xd3\xcd\xa9\x13\xde\xb6\xf6yg\xb9\x9dg\xac\xdf\xa1q,)6\x01')
True
>>> is_binary_address('\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\xd3\xcd\xa9\x13\xde\xb6\xf6yg\xb9\x9dg\xac\xdf\xa1q,)6\x01')
False
>>> is_binary_address('0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000')
False
>>> is_binary_address('\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00')
False

``is_32byte_address(value)`` -> bool
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Return ``True`` if the value is a 20 byte address that has been padded
to 32 bytes. This function allows both bytes or hexidecimal encoded
strings. Hexidecimal strings may optionally be ``0x`` prefixed. The
padding bytes **must** be zeros.

Note: this method returns false for the zero address.

.. code:: python

>>> is_32byte_address('d3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601')
False
>>> is_32byte_address('0xd3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601')
False
>>> is_32byte_address('0xD3CDA913DEB6F67967B99D67ACDFA1712C293601')
False
>>> is_32byte_address('0xd3CdA913deB6f67967B99D67aCDFa1712C293601')
False
>>> is_32byte_address('000000000000000000000000d3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601')
True
>>> is_32byte_address('000000000000000000000000d3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601')
True
>>> is_32byte_address('0x000000000000000000000000d3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601')
True
>>> is_32byte_address('0x000000000000000000000000D3CDA913DEB6F67967B99D67ACDFA1712C293601')
True
>>> is_32byte_address('0x000000000000000000000000d3CdA913deB6f67967B99D67aCDFa1712C293601')
True
>>> is_32byte_address('\xd3\xcd\xa9\x13\xde\xb6\xf6yg\xb9\x9dg\xac\xdf\xa1q,)6\x01')
False
>>> is_32byte_address('\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\xd3\xcd\xa9\x13\xde\xb6\xf6yg\xb9\x9dg\xac\xdf\xa1q,)6\x01')
True
>>> is_32byte_address('0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000')
False
>>> is_32byte_address('\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00')
False

``is_canonical_address(value)`` -> bool
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Returns ``True`` if the ``value`` is an address in it's canonical form.

The canonical representation of an address according to ``eth_utils`` is
a 20 byte long string of bytes, eg:
``b'\xd3\xcd\xa9\x13\xde\xb6\xf6yg\xb9\x9dg\xac\xdf\xa1q,)6\x01'``

.. code:: python

>>> is_canonical_address('0xd3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601')
False
>>> is_canonical_address(b'\xd3\xcd\xa9\x13\xde\xb6\xf6yg\xb9\x9dg\xac\xdf\xa1q,)6\x01xd')
True
>>> is_canonical_address('\xd3\xcd\xa9\x13\xde\xb6\xf6yg\xb9\x9dg\xac\xdf\xa1q,)6\x01xd')
False

``is_checksum_address(value)`` -> bool
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Returns ``True`` if the ``value`` is a checksummed address as specified
by `ERC55 <https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/55>`__

.. code:: python

>>> is_checksum_address('0xd3CdA913deB6f67967B99D67aCDFa1712C293601')
True
>>> is_checksum_address('0xd3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601')
False
>>> is_checksum_address('0xD3CDA913DEB6F67967B99D67ACDFA1712C293601')
False
>>> is_checksum_address('0x52908400098527886E0F7030069857D2E4169EE7')
True
>>> is_checksum_address('0xde709f2102306220921060314715629080e2fb77')
True

``is_checksum_formatted_address(value)`` -> bool
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Returns ``True`` if the ``value`` is formatted as an
`ERC55 <https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/55>`__ checksum address.

.. code:: python

>>> is_checksum_formatted_address('0xd3CdA913deB6f67967B99D67aCDFa1712C293601')
True
>>> is_checksum_formatted_address('0xd3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601')
False
>>> is_checksum_formatted_address('0xD3CDA913DEB6F67967B99D67ACDFA1712C293601')
False
>>> is_checksum_formatted_address('0x52908400098527886E0F7030069857D2E4169EE7')
False
>>> is_checksum_formatted_address('0xde709f2102306220921060314715629080e2fb77')
False

``is_normalized_address(value)`` -> bool
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Returns ``True`` if the ``value`` is an address in its normalized form.

The normalized representation of an address is the lowercased 20 byte
hexidecimal format.

.. code:: python

>>> is_normalized_address('0xd3CdA913deB6f67967B99D67aCDFa1712C293601')
False
>>> is_normalized_address('0xd3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601')
True
>>> is_normalized_address('0xD3CDA913DEB6F67967B99D67ACDFA1712C293601')
False
>>> is_normalized_address('0x52908400098527886E0F7030069857D2E4169EE7')
False
>>> is_normalized_address('0xde709f2102306220921060314715629080e2fb77')
True

``is_same_address(a, b)`` -> bool
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Returns ``True`` if both ``a`` and ``b`` are valid addresses according
to the ``is_address`` function and that they are both representations of
the same address.

.. code:: python

>>> is_same_address('0xd3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601', '0xD3CDA913DEB6F67967B99D67ACDFA1712C293601')
True
>>> is_same_address('0xd3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601', '0xd3CdA913deB6f67967B99D67aCDFa1712C293601')
True
>>> is_same_address('0xd3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601', '\xd3\xcd\xa9\x13\xde\xb6\xf6yg\xb9\x9dg\xac\xdf\xa1q,)6\x01xd')
True

``to_canonical_address(value)`` -> bytes
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Given any valid representation of an address return it's canonical form.

.. code:: python

>>> to_canonical_address('0xd3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601')
b'\xd3\xcd\xa9\x13\xde\xb6\xf6yg\xb9\x9dg\xac\xdf\xa1q,)6\x01xd'
>>> to_canonical_address('0xD3CDA913DEB6F67967B99D67ACDFA1712C293601')
b'\xd3\xcd\xa9\x13\xde\xb6\xf6yg\xb9\x9dg\xac\xdf\xa1q,)6\x01xd'
>>> to_canonical_address('0xd3CdA913deB6f67967B99D67aCDFa1712C293601')
b'\xd3\xcd\xa9\x13\xde\xb6\xf6yg\xb9\x9dg\xac\xdf\xa1q,)6\x01xd'
>>> to_canonical_address('\xd3\xcd\xa9\x13\xde\xb6\xf6yg\xb9\x9dg\xac\xdf\xa1q,)6\x01xd')
b'\xd3\xcd\xa9\x13\xde\xb6\xf6yg\xb9\x9dg\xac\xdf\xa1q,)6\x01xd'

``to_checksum_address(value)`` -> text
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Given any valid representation of an address return the checksummed
representation.

.. code:: python

>>> to_checksum_address('0xd3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601')
'0xd3CdA913deB6f67967B99D67aCDFa1712C293601'
>>> to_checksum_address('0xD3CDA913DEB6F67967B99D67ACDFA1712C293601')
'0xd3CdA913deB6f67967B99D67aCDFa1712C293601'
>>> to_checksum_address('0xd3CdA913deB6f67967B99D67aCDFa1712C293601')
'0xd3CdA913deB6f67967B99D67aCDFa1712C293601'
>>> to_checksum_address('\xd3\xcd\xa9\x13\xde\xb6\xf6yg\xb9\x9dg\xac\xdf\xa1q,)6\x01xd')
'0xd3CdA913deB6f67967B99D67aCDFa1712C293601'

``to_normalized_address(value)`` -> text
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Given any valid representation of an address return the normalized
representation.

.. code:: python

>>> to_normalized_address('\xd3\xcd\xa9\x13\xde\xb6\xf6yg\xb9\x9dg\xac\xdf\xa1q,)6\x01') # raw bytes
'0xd3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601'
>>> to_normalized_address(b'0xc6d9d2cd449a754c494264e1809c50e34d64562b') # hex encoded (as byte string)
'0xc6d9d2cd449a754c494264e1809c50e34d64562b'
>>> to_normalized_address('0xc6d9d2cd449a754c494264e1809c50e34d64562b') # hex encoded
'0xc6d9d2cd449a754c494264e1809c50e34d64562b'
>>> to_normalized_address('0XC6D9D2CD449A754C494264E1809C50E34D64562B') # cap-cased
'0xc6d9d2cd449a754c494264e1809c50e34d64562b'
>>> to_normalized_address('0x000000000000000000000000c305c901078781c232a2a521c2af7980f8385ee9') # padded to 32 bytes
'0xc305c901078781c232a2a521c2af7980f8385ee9',

Crypto Utils
~~~~~~~~~~~~

``keccak(value)`` -> bytes
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Given any string returns the ``sha3/keccak`` hash. If ``value`` is not a
byte string it will be converted using the ``force_bytes`` function.

.. code:: python

>>> keccak('')
b"\xc5\xd2F\x01\x86\xf7#<\x92~}\xb2\xdc\xc7\x03\xc0\xe5\x00\xb6S\xca\x82';{\xfa\xd8\x04]\x85\xa4p"

Currency Utils
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

``denoms``
^^^^^^^^^^

Object with property access to all of the various denominations for
ether. Available denominations are:

+-----------------+------------------------------------+
| denomination | amount in wei |
+-----------------+------------------------------------+
| wei kwei | 1 1000 1000 1000 1000000 1000000 |
| babbage | 1000000 1000000000 1000000000 |
| femtoether mwei | 1000000000 1000000000 |
| lovelace | 1000000000000 1000000000000 |
| picoether gwei | 1000000000000 1000000000000000 |
| shannon | 1000000000000000 1000000000000000 |
| nanoether nano | 1000000000000000000 |
| szabo | 1000000000000000000000 |
| microether | 1000000000000000000000 |
| micro finney | 1000000000000000000000000 |
| milliether | 1000000000000000000000000000 |
| milli ether | 1000000000000000000000000000000 |
| kether grand | |
| mether gether | |
| tether | |
+-----------------+------------------------------------+

.. code:: python

>>> denoms.wei
1
>>> denoms.finney
1000000000000000
>>> denoms.ether
1000000000000000000

``to_wei(value, denomination)`` -> integer
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Converts ``value`` in the given ``denomination`` to its equivalent in
the *wei* denomination.

.. code:: python

>>> to_wei(1, 'ether')
1000000000000000000

``from_wei(value, denomination)`` -> decimal.Decimal
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Converts the ``value`` in the *wei* denomination to its equivalent in
the given ``denomination``. Return value is a ``decimal.Decimal`` with
the appropriate precision to be a lossless conversion.

.. code:: python

>>> from_wei(1000000000000000000, 'ether')
Decimal('1')
>>> from_wei(123456789, 'ether')
Decimal('1.23456789E-10')

Encoding Utils
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

``big_endian_to_int(value)`` -> integer
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Returns ``value`` converted to an integer (from a big endian
representation).

.. code:: python

>>> big_endian_to_int(b'\x00')
0
>>> big_endian_to_int(b'\x01')
1
>>> big_endian_to_int(b'\x01\x00')
256

``int_to_big_endian(value)`` -> bytes
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Returns ``value`` converted to the big endian representation.

.. code:: python

>>> int_to_big_endian(0)
b'\x00'
>>> int_to_big_endian(1)
b'\x01'
>>> int_to_big_endian(256)
b'\x01\x00'

Formatting Utils
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

``pad_left(value, to_size, pad_with)`` -> string
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Returns ``value`` padded to the length specified by ``to_size`` with the
string ``pad_with``.

.. code:: python

>>> pad_left('test', 6, '0')
'00test'
>>> pad_left('testing', 6, '0')
'testing'
>>> pad_left('test', 8, '123')
'12312test'

``pad_right(value, to_size, pad_with)`` -> string
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Returns ``value`` padded to the length specified by ``to_size`` with the
string ``pad_with``.

.. code:: python

>>> pad_right('test', 6, '0')
'test00'
>>> pad_right('testing', 6, '0')
'testing'
>>> pad_right('test', 8, '123')
'test12312'

Functional Utils
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

``compose(*callables)`` -> callable
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

**DEPRECATED** in 0.3.0.

Returns a single function which is the composition of the given
callables.

::

>>> def f(v):
... return v * 3
...
>>> def g(v):
... return v + 2
...
>>> def h(v):
... return v % 5
...
>>> compose(f, g, h)(1)
0
>>> h(g(f(1)))
0
>>> compose(f, g, h)(2)
3
>>> h(g(f(1)))
3
>>> compose(f, g, h)(3)
1
>>> h(g(f(1)))
1
>>> compose(f, g, h)(4)
4
>>> h(g(f(1)))
4

``flatten_return(callable)`` -> callable() -> tuple
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Decorator which performs a non-recursive flattening of the return value
from the given ``callable``.

.. code:: python

>>> flatten_return(lambda: [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5], [6]])
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)

``sort_return(callable)`` => callable() -> tuple
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Decorator which sorts the return value from the given ``callable``.

.. code:: python

>>> flatten_return(lambda: [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5], [6]])
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)

``reversed_return(callable)`` => callable() -> tuple
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Decorator which reverses the return value from the given ``callable``.

.. code:: python

>>> reversed_return(lambda: [1, 5, 2, 4, 3])
(3, 4, 2, 5, 1)

``to_dict(callable)`` => callable() -> dict
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Decorator which casts the return value from the given ``callable`` to a
dictionary.

.. code:: python

>>> @to_dict
... def build_thing():
... yield 'a', 1
... yield 'b', 2
... yield 'c', 3
...
>>> build_thing()
{'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}

``to_list(callable)`` => callable() -> list
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Decorator which casts the return value from the given ``callable`` to a
list.

.. code:: python

>>> @to_list
... def build_thing():
... yield 'a'
... yield 'b'
... yield 'c'
...
>>> build_thing()
['a', 'b', 'c']

``to_ordered_dict(callable)`` => callable() -> collections.OrderedDict
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Decorator which casts the return value from the given ``callable`` to an
ordered dictionary of type ``collections.OrderedDict``.

.. code:: python

>>> @to_ordered_dict
... def build_thing():
... yield 'd', 4
... yield 'a', 1
... yield 'b', 2
... yield 'c', 3
...
>>> build_thing()
OrderedDict([('d', 4), ('a', 1), ('b', 2), ('c', 3)])

``to_tuple(callable)`` => callable() -> tuple
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Decorator which casts the return value from the given ``callable`` to a
tuple.

.. code:: python

>>> @to_tuple
... def build_thing():
... yield 'a'
... yield 'b'
... yield 'c'
...
>>> build_thing()
('a', 'b', 'c')

``to_set(callable)`` => callable() -> set
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Decorator which casts the return value from the given ``callable`` to a
set.

.. code:: python

>>> @to_set
... def build_thing():
... yield 'a'
... yield 'b'
... yield 'a' # duplicate
... yield 'c'
...
>>> build_thing()
{'a', 'b', 'c'}

``apply_to_return_value(callable)`` => decorator\_fn
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

This function takes a single callable and returns a decorator. The
returned decorator, when applied to a function, will incercept the
function's return value, pass it to the callable, and return the value
returned by the callable.

.. code:: python

>>> double = apply_to_return_value(lambda v: v * 2)
>>> @double
... def f(v):
... return v
...
>>> f(2)
4
>>> f(3)
6

Hexidecimal Utils
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

``add_0x_prefix(value)`` -> string
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Returns ``value`` with a ``0x`` prefix. If the value is already prefixed
it is returned as-is.

.. code:: python

>>> add_0x_prefix('12345')
'0x12345'
>>> add_0x_prefix('0x12345')
'0x12345'

``decode_hex(value)`` -> bytes
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Returns ``value`` decoded into a byte string. Accepts any string with or
without the ``0x`` prefix.

.. code:: python

>>> decode_hex('0x123456')
b'\x124V'
>>> decode_hex('123456')
b'\x124V'

``encode_hex(value)`` -> string
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Returns ``value`` encoded into a hexidecimal representation with a
``0x`` prefix

.. code:: python

>>> encode_hex('\x01\x02\x03')
'0x010203'

``is_0x_prefixed(value)`` -> bool
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Returns ``True`` if ``value`` has a ``0x`` prefix.

.. code:: python

>>> is_0x_prefixed('12345')
False
>>> is_0x_prefixed('0x12345')
True
>>> is_0x_prefixed(b'0x12345')
True

``is_hex(value)`` -> bool
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Returns ``True`` if ``value`` is a hexidecimal encoded string.

.. code:: python

>>> is_hex('')
False
>>> is_hex(b'')
False
>>> is_hex('0x')
True
>>> is_hex(b'0x')
True
>>> is_hex('0X')
True
>>> is_hex(b'0X')
True
>>> is_hex('1234567890abcdef')
True
>>> is_hex('0x1234567890abcdef')
True
>>> is_hex('0x1234567890ABCDEF')
True
>>> is_hex('0x1234567890AbCdEf')
True
>>> is_hex('12345') # odd length is ok
True
>>> is_hex('0x12345') # odd length is ok
True
>>> is_hex('123456__abcdef') # non hex characters
False

``remove_0x_prefix(value)`` -> string
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Returns ``value`` with the ``0x`` prefix stripped. If the value does not
have a ``0x`` prefix it is returned as-is.

.. code:: python

>>> remove_0x_prefix('12345')
'12345'
>>> remove_0x_prefix('0x12345')
'12345'
>>> remove_0x_prefix(b'0x12345')
b'12345'

String Utils
~~~~~~~~~~~~

``coerce_args_to_bytes(callable)`` -> callable
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Decorator which will convert any string arguments both positional or
keyword into byte strings using the ``force_bytes`` function. This is a
recursive operation which will reach down into mappings and list-like
objects as well.

.. code:: python

>>> @coerce_args_to_bytes
... def do_thing(*args):
... return args
...
>>> do_thing('a', 1, b'a-byte-string', ['a', b'b', 1], {'a': 'a', 'b': ['x', b'y']})
(b'a', 1, b'a-byte-string', [b'a', b'b', 1], {'a': b'a', 'b': [b'x', b'y']})

``coerce_args_to_text(callable)`` -> callable
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Decorator which will convert any string arguments both positional or
keyword into text strings using the ``force_text`` function. This is a
recursive operation which will reach down into mappings and list-like
objects as well.

.. code:: python

>>> @coerce_args_to_text
... def do_thing(*args):
... return args
...
>>> do_thing('a', 1, b'a-byte-string', ['a', b'b', 1], {'a': 'a', 'b': ['x', b'y']})
('a', 1, 'a-byte-string', ['a', 'b', 1], {'a': 'a', 'b': ['x', 'y']})

``coerce_return_to_bytes(callable)`` -> callable
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Decorator which will convert any string return values into byte strings
using the ``force_text`` function. This is a recursive operation which
will reach down into mappings and list-like objects as well.

.. code:: python

>>> @coerce_return_to_bytes
... def do_thing(*args):
... return args
...
>>> do_thing('a', 1, b'a-byte-string', ['a', b'b', 1], {'a': 'a', 'b': ['x', b'y']})
(b'a', 1, b'a-byte-string', [b'a', b'b', 1], {'a': b'a', 'b': [b'x', b'y']})

``coerce_return_to_text(callable)`` -> callable
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Decorator which will convert any string return values into text strings
using the ``force_text`` function. This is a recursive operation which
will reach down into mappings and list-like objects as well.

.. code:: python

>>> @coerce_return_to_bytes
... def do_thing(*args):
... return args
...
>>> do_thing('a', 1, b'a-byte-string', ['a', b'b', 1], {'a': 'a', 'b': ['x', b'y']})
('a', 1, 'a-byte-string', ['a', 'b', 1], {'a': 'a', 'b': ['x', 'y']})

``force_bytes(value, encoding='iso-8859-1')`` -> text
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Returns ``value`` encoded into a byte string using the provided
encoding. By default this uses ``iso-8859-1`` as it can handle all byte
values between ``0-255`` (unlike ``utf8``)

.. code:: python

>>> force_bytes('abcd')
b'abcd'
>>> force_bytes(b'abcd')
b'abcd'

``force_obj_to_bytes(value)`` -> value
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Returns ``value`` with all string elements converted to byte strings by
recursivly traversing mappings and list-like elements.

.. code:: python

>>> force_obj_to_bytes(('a', 1, b'a-byte-string', ['a', b'b', 1], {'a': 'a', 'b': ['x', b'y']}))
(b'a', 1, b'a-byte-string', [b'a', b'b', 1], {'a': b'a', 'b': [b'x', b'y']})

``force_obj_to_text(value)`` -> value
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Returns ``value`` with all string elements converted to text strings by
recursivly traversing mappings and list-like elements.

.. code:: python

>>> force_obj_to_text(('a', 1, b'a-byte-string', ['a', b'b', 1], {'a': 'a', 'b': ['x', b'y']}))
('a', 1, 'a-byte-string', ['a', 'b', 1], {'a': 'a', 'b': ['x', 'y']})

``force_text(value, encoding='iso-8859-1')`` -> text
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Returns ``value`` decoded into a text string using the provided
encoding. By default this uses ``iso-8859-1`` as it can handle all byte
values between ``0-255`` (unlike ``utf8``)

.. code:: python

>>> force_text(b'abcd')
'abcd'
>>> force_text('abcd')
'abcd'

Type Utils
~~~~~~~~~~

``is_boolean(value)`` -> bool
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Returns ``True`` if ``value`` is of type ``bool``

.. code:: python

>>> is_boolean(True)
True
>>> is_boolean(False)
False
>>> is_boolean(1)
False

``is_bytes(value)`` -> bool
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Returns ``True`` if ``value`` is a byte string or a byte array.

.. code:: python

>>> is_bytes('abcd')
False
>>> is_bytes(b'abcd')
True
>>> is_bytes(bytearray((1, 2, 3)))
True

``is_dict(value)`` -> bool
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Returns ``True`` if ``value`` is a mapping type.

.. code:: python

>>> is_dict({'a': 1})
True
>>> is_dict([1, 2, 3])
False

``is_integer(value)`` -> bool
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Returns ``True`` if ``value`` is an integer

.. code:: python

>>> is_integer(0)
True
>>> is_integer(1)
True
>>> is_integer('1')
False
>>> is_integer(1.1)
False

``is_list_like(value)`` -> bool
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Returns ``True`` if ``value`` is a non-string sequence such as a
sequence (such as a list or tuple).

.. code:: python

>>> is_list_like('abcd')
False
>>> is_list_like([])
True
>>> is_list_like(tuple())
True

``is_list(value)`` -> bool
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Returns ``True`` if ``value`` is a non-string sequence such as a list.

.. code:: python

>>> is_list('abcd')
False
>>> is_list([])
True
>>> is_list(tuple())
False

``is_tuple(value)`` -> bool
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Returns ``True`` if ``value`` is a non-string sequence such as a tuple.

.. code:: python

>>> is_tuple('abcd')
False
>>> is_tuple([])
False
>>> is_tuple(tuple())
True

``is_null(value)`` -> bool
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Returns ``True`` if ``value`` is ``None``

.. code:: python

>>> is_null(None)
True
>>> is_null(False)
False

``is_number(value)`` -> bool
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Returns ``True`` if ``value`` is numeric

.. code:: python

>>> is_number(1)
True
>>> is_number(1.1)
True
>>> is_number('1')
False
>>> is_number(decimal.Decimal('1'))
True

``is_string(value)`` -> bool
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Returns ``True`` if ``value`` is of any string type.

.. code:: python

>>> is_string('abcd')
True
>>> is_string(b'abcd')
True
>>> is_string(bytearray((1, 2, 3)))
True

``is_text(value)`` -> bool
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Returns ``True`` if ``value`` is a text string.

.. code:: python

>>> is_text(u'abcd')
True
>>> is_text(b'abcd')
False
>>> is_text(bytearray((1, 2, 3)))
False

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