ethereum-utils 0.4.1

# Ethereum Utils

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Common utility functions for codebases which interact with ethereum.

## Installation

`sh pip install ethereum-utils `

## Documentation

All functions can be imported directly from the eth_utils module

### ABI Utils

#### event_abi_to_log_topic(event_abi) -> bytes

Returns the 32 byte log topic for the given event abi.

`python >>> event_abi_to_log_topic({'type': 'event', 'anonymous': False, 'name': 'MyEvent', 'inputs': []}) b'M\xbf\xb6\x8bC\xdd\xdf\xa1+Q\xeb\xe9\x9a\xb8\xfd\xedb\x0f\x9a\n\xc21B\x87\x9aO\x19*\x1byR\xd2' `

#### event_signature_to_log_topic(event_signature) -> bytes

Returns the 32 byte log topic for the given event signature.

`python >>> event_signature_to_log_topic('MyEvent()') b'M\xbf\xb6\x8bC\xdd\xdf\xa1+Q\xeb\xe9\x9a\xb8\xfd\xedb\x0f\x9a\n\xc21B\x87\x9aO\x19*\x1byR\xd2' `

#### function_abi_to_4byte_selector(function_abi) -> bytes

Returns the 4 byte function selector for the given function abi.

`python >>> function_abi_to_4byte_selector({'type': 'function', 'name': 'myFunction', 'inputs': [], 'outputs': []}) b'\xc3x\n:' `

#### function_signature_to_4byte_selector(function_signature) -> bytes

Returns the 4 byte function selector for the given function signature.

`python >>> function_signature_to_4byte_selector('myFunction()') b'\xc3x\n:' `

### Address Utils

#### is_address(value) -> bool

Returns True if the value is one of the following accepted address formats.

• 20 byte hexidecimal, upper/lower/mixed case, with or without 0x prefix:

  • ‘d3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601’

  • ‘0xd3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601’

  • ‘0xD3CDA913DEB6F67967B99D67ACDFA1712C293601’

  • ‘0xd3CdA913deB6f67967B99D67aCDFa1712C293601’

• 20 byte hexidecimal padded to 32 bytes with null bytes, upper/lower/mixed case, with or without 0x prefix:

  • ‘000000000000000000000000d3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601’

  • ‘000000000000000000000000d3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601’

  • ‘0x000000000000000000000000d3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601’

  • ‘0x000000000000000000000000D3CDA913DEB6F67967B99D67ACDFA1712C293601’

  • ‘0x000000000000000000000000d3CdA913deB6f67967B99D67aCDFa1712C293601’

• 20 text or bytes string:

  • ‘xd3xcdxa9x13xdexb6xf6ygxb9x9dgxacxdfxa1q,)6x01’

• 20 text or bytes string padded to 32 bytes with null bytes.

  • ‘x00x00x00x00x00x00x00x00x00x00x00x00xd3xcdxa9x13xdexb6xf6ygxb9x9dgxacxdfxa1q,)6x01’

This function has two special cases when it will return False:

• a 20-byte hex string that has mixed case, with an invalid checksum

• a 32-byte value that is all null bytes

`python >>> is_address('d3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601') True >>> is_address('0xd3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601') True >>> is_address('0xD3CDA913DEB6F67967B99D67ACDFA1712C293601') True >>> is_address('0xd3CdA913deB6f67967B99D67aCDFa1712C293601') True >>> is_address('000000000000000000000000d3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601') True >>> is_address('000000000000000000000000d3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601') True >>> is_address('0x000000000000000000000000d3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601') True >>> is_address('0x000000000000000000000000D3CDA913DEB6F67967B99D67ACDFA1712C293601') True >>> is_address('0x000000000000000000000000d3CdA913deB6f67967B99D67aCDFa1712C293601') True >>> is_address('\xd3\xcd\xa9\x13\xde\xb6\xf6yg\xb9\x9dg\xac\xdf\xa1q,)6\x01') True >>> is_address('\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\xd3\xcd\xa9\x13\xde\xb6\xf6yg\xb9\x9dg\xac\xdf\xa1q,)6\x01') True >>> is_address('0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000') False >>> is_address('\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00') False `

#### is_hex_address(value) => bool

Return True if the value is a 20 byte hexidecimal encoded string in any of upper/lower/mixed casing, with or without the 0x prefix. Otherwise return False

• ‘d3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601’

• ‘0xd3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601’

• ‘0xD3CDA913DEB6F67967B99D67ACDFA1712C293601’

• ‘0xd3CdA913deB6f67967B99D67aCDFa1712C293601’

`python >>> is_hex_address('d3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601') True >>> is_hex_address('0xd3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601') True >>> is_hex_address('0xD3CDA913DEB6F67967B99D67ACDFA1712C293601') True >>> is_hex_address('0xd3CdA913deB6f67967B99D67aCDFa1712C293601') True >>> is_hex_address('000000000000000000000000d3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601') False >>> is_hex_address('000000000000000000000000d3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601') False >>> is_hex_address('0x000000000000000000000000d3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601') False >>> is_hex_address('0x000000000000000000000000D3CDA913DEB6F67967B99D67ACDFA1712C293601') False >>> is_hex_address('0x000000000000000000000000d3CdA913deB6f67967B99D67aCDFa1712C293601') False >>> is_hex_address('\xd3\xcd\xa9\x13\xde\xb6\xf6yg\xb9\x9dg\xac\xdf\xa1q,)6\x01') False >>> is_hex_address('\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\xd3\xcd\xa9\x13\xde\xb6\xf6yg\xb9\x9dg\xac\xdf\xa1q,)6\x01') False >>> is_hex_address('0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000') False >>> is_hex_address('\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00') False `

#### is_binary_address(value) -> bool

Return True if the value is a 20 byte string.

`python >>> is_binary_address('d3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601') False >>> is_binary_address('0xd3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601') False >>> is_binary_address('0xD3CDA913DEB6F67967B99D67ACDFA1712C293601') False >>> is_binary_address('0xd3CdA913deB6f67967B99D67aCDFa1712C293601') False >>> is_binary_address('000000000000000000000000d3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601') False >>> is_binary_address('000000000000000000000000d3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601') False >>> is_binary_address('0x000000000000000000000000d3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601') False >>> is_binary_address('0x000000000000000000000000D3CDA913DEB6F67967B99D67ACDFA1712C293601') False >>> is_binary_address('0x000000000000000000000000d3CdA913deB6f67967B99D67aCDFa1712C293601') False >>> is_binary_address('\xd3\xcd\xa9\x13\xde\xb6\xf6yg\xb9\x9dg\xac\xdf\xa1q,)6\x01') True >>> is_binary_address('\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\xd3\xcd\xa9\x13\xde\xb6\xf6yg\xb9\x9dg\xac\xdf\xa1q,)6\x01') False >>> is_binary_address('0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000') False >>> is_binary_address('\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00') False `

#### is_32byte_address(value) -> bool

Return True if the value is a 20 byte address that has been padded to 32 bytes. This function allows both bytes or hexidecimal encoded strings. Hexidecimal strings may optionally be 0x prefixed. The padding bytes must be zeros.

> Note: this method returns false for the zero address.

`python >>> is_32byte_address('d3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601') False >>> is_32byte_address('0xd3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601') False >>> is_32byte_address('0xD3CDA913DEB6F67967B99D67ACDFA1712C293601') False >>> is_32byte_address('0xd3CdA913deB6f67967B99D67aCDFa1712C293601') False >>> is_32byte_address('000000000000000000000000d3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601') True >>> is_32byte_address('000000000000000000000000d3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601') True >>> is_32byte_address('0x000000000000000000000000d3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601') True >>> is_32byte_address('0x000000000000000000000000D3CDA913DEB6F67967B99D67ACDFA1712C293601') True >>> is_32byte_address('0x000000000000000000000000d3CdA913deB6f67967B99D67aCDFa1712C293601') True >>> is_32byte_address('\xd3\xcd\xa9\x13\xde\xb6\xf6yg\xb9\x9dg\xac\xdf\xa1q,)6\x01') False >>> is_32byte_address('\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\xd3\xcd\xa9\x13\xde\xb6\xf6yg\xb9\x9dg\xac\xdf\xa1q,)6\x01') True >>> is_32byte_address('0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000') False >>> is_32byte_address('\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00') False `

#### is_canonical_address(value) -> bool

Returns True if the value is an address in it’s canonical form.

The canonical representation of an address according to ethereum-utils is a 20 byte long string of bytes, eg: b’xd3xcdxa9x13xdexb6xf6ygxb9x9dgxacxdfxa1q,)6x01’

`python >>> is_canonical_address('0xd3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601') False >>> is_canonical_address(b'\xd3\xcd\xa9\x13\xde\xb6\xf6yg\xb9\x9dg\xac\xdf\xa1q,)6\x01xd') True >>> is_canonical_address('\xd3\xcd\xa9\x13\xde\xb6\xf6yg\xb9\x9dg\xac\xdf\xa1q,)6\x01xd') False `

#### is_checksum_address(value) -> bool

Returns True if the value is a checksummed address as specified by [ERC55](https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/55)

`python >>> is_checksum_address('0xd3CdA913deB6f67967B99D67aCDFa1712C293601') True >>> is_checksum_address('0xd3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601') False >>> is_checksum_address('0xD3CDA913DEB6F67967B99D67ACDFA1712C293601') False >>> is_checksum_address('0x52908400098527886E0F7030069857D2E4169EE7') True >>> is_checksum_address('0xde709f2102306220921060314715629080e2fb77') True `

#### is_checksum_formatted_address(value) -> bool

Returns True if the value is formatted as an [ERC55](https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/55) checksum address.

`python >>> is_checksum_formatted_address('0xd3CdA913deB6f67967B99D67aCDFa1712C293601') True >>> is_checksum_formatted_address('0xd3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601') False >>> is_checksum_formatted_address('0xD3CDA913DEB6F67967B99D67ACDFA1712C293601') False >>> is_checksum_formatted_address('0x52908400098527886E0F7030069857D2E4169EE7') False >>> is_checksum_formatted_address('0xde709f2102306220921060314715629080e2fb77') False `

#### is_normalized_address(value) -> bool

Returns True if the value is an address in its normalized form.

The normalized representation of an address is the lowercased 20 byte hexidecimal format.

`python >>> is_normalized_address('0xd3CdA913deB6f67967B99D67aCDFa1712C293601') False >>> is_normalized_address('0xd3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601') True >>> is_normalized_address('0xD3CDA913DEB6F67967B99D67ACDFA1712C293601') False >>> is_normalized_address('0x52908400098527886E0F7030069857D2E4169EE7') False >>> is_normalized_address('0xde709f2102306220921060314715629080e2fb77') True `

#### is_same_address(a, b) -> bool

Returns True if both a and b are valid addresses according to the is_address function and that they are both representations of the same address.

`python >>> is_same_address('0xd3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601', '0xD3CDA913DEB6F67967B99D67ACDFA1712C293601') True >>> is_same_address('0xd3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601', '0xd3CdA913deB6f67967B99D67aCDFa1712C293601') True >>> is_same_address('0xd3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601', '\xd3\xcd\xa9\x13\xde\xb6\xf6yg\xb9\x9dg\xac\xdf\xa1q,)6\x01xd') True `

#### to_canonical_address(value) -> bytes

Given any valid representation of an address return it’s canonical form.

`python >>> to_canonical_address('0xd3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601') b'\xd3\xcd\xa9\x13\xde\xb6\xf6yg\xb9\x9dg\xac\xdf\xa1q,)6\x01xd' >>> to_canonical_address('0xD3CDA913DEB6F67967B99D67ACDFA1712C293601') b'\xd3\xcd\xa9\x13\xde\xb6\xf6yg\xb9\x9dg\xac\xdf\xa1q,)6\x01xd' >>> to_canonical_address('0xd3CdA913deB6f67967B99D67aCDFa1712C293601') b'\xd3\xcd\xa9\x13\xde\xb6\xf6yg\xb9\x9dg\xac\xdf\xa1q,)6\x01xd' >>> to_canonical_address('\xd3\xcd\xa9\x13\xde\xb6\xf6yg\xb9\x9dg\xac\xdf\xa1q,)6\x01xd') b'\xd3\xcd\xa9\x13\xde\xb6\xf6yg\xb9\x9dg\xac\xdf\xa1q,)6\x01xd' `

#### to_checksum_address(value) -> text

Given any valid representation of an address return the checksummed representation.

`python >>> to_checksum_address('0xd3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601') '0xd3CdA913deB6f67967B99D67aCDFa1712C293601' >>> to_checksum_address('0xD3CDA913DEB6F67967B99D67ACDFA1712C293601') '0xd3CdA913deB6f67967B99D67aCDFa1712C293601' >>> to_checksum_address('0xd3CdA913deB6f67967B99D67aCDFa1712C293601') '0xd3CdA913deB6f67967B99D67aCDFa1712C293601' >>> to_checksum_address('\xd3\xcd\xa9\x13\xde\xb6\xf6yg\xb9\x9dg\xac\xdf\xa1q,)6\x01xd') '0xd3CdA913deB6f67967B99D67aCDFa1712C293601' `

#### to_normalized_address(value) -> text

Given any valid representation of an address return the normalized representation.

`python >>> to_normalized_address('\xd3\xcd\xa9\x13\xde\xb6\xf6yg\xb9\x9dg\xac\xdf\xa1q,)6\x01') # raw bytes '0xd3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601' >>> to_normalized_address(b'0xc6d9d2cd449a754c494264e1809c50e34d64562b') # hex encoded (as byte string) '0xc6d9d2cd449a754c494264e1809c50e34d64562b' >>> to_normalized_address('0xc6d9d2cd449a754c494264e1809c50e34d64562b') # hex encoded '0xc6d9d2cd449a754c494264e1809c50e34d64562b' >>> to_normalized_address('0XC6D9D2CD449A754C494264E1809C50E34D64562B') # cap-cased '0xc6d9d2cd449a754c494264e1809c50e34d64562b' >>> to_normalized_address('0x000000000000000000000000c305c901078781c232a2a521c2af7980f8385ee9') # padded to 32 bytes '0xc305c901078781c232a2a521c2af7980f8385ee9', `

### Crypto Utils

#### keccak(value) -> bytes

Given any string returns the sha3/keccak hash. If value is not a byte string it will be converted using the force_bytes function.

`python >>> keccak('') b"\xc5\xd2F\x01\x86\xf7#<\x92~}\xb2\xdc\xc7\x03\xc0\xe5\x00\xb6S\xca\x82';{\xfa\xd8\x04]\x85\xa4p" `

### Currency Utils

#### denoms

Object with property access to all of the various denominations for ether. Available denominations are:

denomination	amount in wei
wei kwei babbage femtoether mwei lovelace picoether gwei shannon nanoether nano szabo microether micro finney milliether milli ether kether grand mether gether tether	1 1000 1000 1000 1000000 1000000 1000000 1000000000 1000000000 1000000000 1000000000 1000000000000 1000000000000 1000000000000 1000000000000000 1000000000000000 1000000000000000 1000000000000000000 1000000000000000000000 1000000000000000000000 1000000000000000000000000 1000000000000000000000000000 1000000000000000000000000000000

`python >>> denoms.wei 1 >>> denoms.finney 1000000000000000 >>> denoms.ether 1000000000000000000 `

#### to_wei(value, denomination) -> integer

Converts value in the given denomination to its equivalent in the wei denomination.

`python >>> to_wei(1, 'ether') 1000000000000000000 `

#### from_wei(value, denomination) -> decimal.Decimal

Converts the value in the wei denomination to its equivalent in the given denomination. Return value is a decimal.Decimal with the appropriate precision to be a lossless conversion.

`python >>> from_wei(1000000000000000000, 'ether') Decimal('1') >>> from_wei(123456789, 'ether') Decimal('1.23456789E-10') `

### Encoding Utils

#### big_endian_to_int(value) -> integer

Returns value converted to an integer (from a big endian representation).

`python >>> big_endian_to_int(b'\x00') 0 >>> big_endian_to_int(b'\x01') 1 >>> big_endian_to_int(b'\x01\x00') 256 `

#### int_to_big_endian(value) -> bytes

Returns value converted to the big endian representation.

`python >>> int_to_big_endian(0) b'\x00' >>> int_to_big_endian(1) b'\x01' >>> int_to_big_endian(256) b'\x01\x00' `

### Formatting Utils

#### pad_left(value, to_size, pad_with) -> string

Returns value padded to the length specified by to_size with the string pad_with.

`python >>> pad_left('test', 6, '0') '00test' >>> pad_left('testing', 6, '0') 'testing' >>> pad_left('test', 8, '123') '12312test' `

#### pad_right(value, to_size, pad_with) -> string

Returns value padded to the length specified by to_size with the string pad_with.

`python >>> pad_right('test', 6, '0') 'test00' >>> pad_right('testing', 6, '0') 'testing' >>> pad_right('test', 8, '123') 'test12312' `

### Functional Utils

#### compose(*callables) -> callable

> DEPRECATED in 0.3.0.

Returns a single function which is the composition of the given callables.

` >>> def f(v): ... return v * 3 ... >>> def g(v): ... return v + 2 ... >>> def h(v): ... return v % 5 ... >>> compose(f, g, h)(1) 0 >>> h(g(f(1))) 0 >>> compose(f, g, h)(2) 3 >>> h(g(f(1))) 3 >>> compose(f, g, h)(3) 1 >>> h(g(f(1))) 1 >>> compose(f, g, h)(4) 4 >>> h(g(f(1))) 4 `

#### flatten_return(callable) -> callable() -> tuple

Decorator which performs a non-recursive flattening of the return value from the given callable.

`python >>> flatten_return(lambda: [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5], [6]]) (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) `

#### sort_return(callable) => callable() -> tuple

Decorator which sorts the return value from the given callable.

`python >>> flatten_return(lambda: [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5], [6]]) (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) `

#### reversed_return(callable) => callable() -> tuple

Decorator which reverses the return value from the given callable.

`python >>> reversed_return(lambda: [1, 5, 2, 4, 3]) (3, 4, 2, 5, 1) `

#### to_dict(callable) => callable() -> dict

Decorator which casts the return value from the given callable to a dictionary.

`python >>> @to_dict ... def build_thing(): ... yield 'a', 1 ... yield 'b', 2 ... yield 'c', 3 ... >>> build_thing() {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3} `

#### to_list(callable) => callable() -> list

Decorator which casts the return value from the given callable to a list.

`python >>> @to_list ... def build_thing(): ... yield 'a' ... yield 'b' ... yield 'c' ... >>> build_thing() ['a', 'b', 'c'] `

#### to_ordered_dict(callable) => callable() -> collections.OrderedDict

Decorator which casts the return value from the given callable to an ordered dictionary of type collections.OrderedDict.

`python >>> @to_ordered_dict ... def build_thing(): ... yield 'd', 4 ... yield 'a', 1 ... yield 'b', 2 ... yield 'c', 3 ... >>> build_thing() OrderedDict([('d', 4), ('a', 1), ('b', 2), ('c', 3)]) `

#### to_tuple(callable) => callable() -> tuple

Decorator which casts the return value from the given callable to a tuple.

`python >>> @to_tuple ... def build_thing(): ... yield 'a' ... yield 'b' ... yield 'c' ... >>> build_thing() ('a', 'b', 'c') `

#### to_set(callable) => callable() -> set

Decorator which casts the return value from the given callable to a set.

`python >>> @to_set ... def build_thing(): ... yield 'a' ... yield 'b' ... yield 'a' # duplicate ... yield 'c' ... >>> build_thing() {'a', 'b', 'c'} `

### apply_to_return_value(callable) => decorator_fn

This function takes a single callable and returns a decorator. The returned decorator, when applied to a function, will incercept the function’s return value, pass it to the callable, and return the value returned by the callable.

`python >>> double = apply_to_return_value(lambda v: v * 2) >>> @double ... def f(v): ... return v ... >>> f(2) 4 >>> f(3) 6 `

### Hexidecimal Utils

#### add_0x_prefix(value) -> string

Returns value with a 0x prefix. If the value is already prefixed it is returned as-is.

`python >>> add_0x_prefix('12345') '0x12345' >>> add_0x_prefix('0x12345') '0x12345' `

#### decode_hex(value) -> bytes

Returns value decoded into a byte string. Accepts any string with or without the 0x prefix.

`python >>> decode_hex('0x123456') b'\x124V' >>> decode_hex('123456') b'\x124V' `

#### encode_hex(value) -> string

Returns value encoded into a hexidecimal representation with a 0x prefix

`python >>> encode_hex('\x01\x02\x03') '0x010203' `

#### is_0x_prefixed(value) -> bool

Returns True if value has a 0x prefix.

`python >>> is_0x_prefixed('12345') False >>> is_0x_prefixed('0x12345') True >>> is_0x_prefixed(b'0x12345') True `

#### is_hex(value) -> bool

Returns True if value is a valid hexidecimal encoded string of length >= 1.

`python >>> is_hex('') False >>> is_hex(b'') False >>> is_hex('0x') False >>> is_hex(b'0x') False >>> is_hex('0X') False >>> is_hex(b'0X') False >>> is_hex('1234567890abcdef') True >>> is_hex('0x1234567890abcdef') True >>> is_hex('0x1234567890ABCDEF') True >>> is_hex('0x1234567890AbCdEf') True >>> is_hex('12345') # odd length False >>> is_hex('123456__abcdef') # non hex characters False `

#### remove_0x_prefix(value) -> string

Returns value with the 0x prefix stripped. If the value does not have a 0x prefix it is returned as-is.

`python >>> remove_0x_prefix('12345') '12345' >>> remove_0x_prefix('0x12345') '12345' >>> remove_0x_prefix(b'0x12345') b'12345' `

### String Utils

#### coerce_args_to_bytes(callable) -> callable

Decorator which will convert any string arguments both positional or keyword into byte strings using the force_bytes function. This is a recursive operation which will reach down into mappings and list-like objects as well.

`python >>> @coerce_args_to_bytes ... def do_thing(*args): ... return args ... >>> do_thing('a', 1, b'a-byte-string', ['a', b'b', 1], {'a': 'a', 'b': ['x', b'y']}) (b'a', 1, b'a-byte-string', [b'a', b'b', 1], {'a': b'a', 'b': [b'x', b'y']}) `

#### coerce_args_to_text(callable) -> callable

Decorator which will convert any string arguments both positional or keyword into text strings using the force_text function. This is a recursive operation which will reach down into mappings and list-like objects as well.

`python >>> @coerce_args_to_text ... def do_thing(*args): ... return args ... >>> do_thing('a', 1, b'a-byte-string', ['a', b'b', 1], {'a': 'a', 'b': ['x', b'y']}) ('a', 1, 'a-byte-string', ['a', 'b', 1], {'a': 'a', 'b': ['x', 'y']}) `

#### coerce_return_to_bytes(callable) -> callable

Decorator which will convert any string return values into byte strings using the force_text function. This is a recursive operation which will reach down into mappings and list-like objects as well.

`python >>> @coerce_return_to_bytes ... def do_thing(*args): ... return args ... >>> do_thing('a', 1, b'a-byte-string', ['a', b'b', 1], {'a': 'a', 'b': ['x', b'y']}) (b'a', 1, b'a-byte-string', [b'a', b'b', 1], {'a': b'a', 'b': [b'x', b'y']}) `

#### coerce_return_to_text(callable) -> callable

Decorator which will convert any string return values into text strings using the force_text function. This is a recursive operation which will reach down into mappings and list-like objects as well.

`python >>> @coerce_return_to_bytes ... def do_thing(*args): ... return args ... >>> do_thing('a', 1, b'a-byte-string', ['a', b'b', 1], {'a': 'a', 'b': ['x', b'y']}) ('a', 1, 'a-byte-string', ['a', 'b', 1], {'a': 'a', 'b': ['x', 'y']}) `

#### force_bytes(value, encoding=’iso-8859-1’) -> text

Returns value encoded into a byte string using the provided encoding. By default this uses iso-8859-1 as it can handle all byte values between 0-255 (unlike utf8)

`python >>> force_bytes('abcd') b'abcd' >>> force_bytes(b'abcd') b'abcd' `

#### force_obj_to_bytes(value) -> value

Returns value with all string elements converted to byte strings by recursivly traversing mappings and list-like elements.

`python >>> force_obj_to_bytes(('a', 1, b'a-byte-string', ['a', b'b', 1], {'a': 'a', 'b': ['x', b'y']})) (b'a', 1, b'a-byte-string', [b'a', b'b', 1], {'a': b'a', 'b': [b'x', b'y']}) `

#### force_obj_to_text(value) -> value

Returns value with all string elements converted to text strings by recursivly traversing mappings and list-like elements.

`python >>> force_obj_to_text(('a', 1, b'a-byte-string', ['a', b'b', 1], {'a': 'a', 'b': ['x', b'y']})) ('a', 1, 'a-byte-string', ['a', 'b', 1], {'a': 'a', 'b': ['x', 'y']}) `

#### force_text(value, encoding=’iso-8859-1’) -> text

Returns value decoded into a text string using the provided encoding. By default this uses iso-8859-1 as it can handle all byte values between 0-255 (unlike utf8)

`python >>> force_text(b'abcd') 'abcd' >>> force_text('abcd') 'abcd' `

### Type Utils

#### is_boolean(value) -> bool

Returns True if value is of type bool

`python >>> is_boolean(True) True >>> is_boolean(False) False >>> is_boolean(1) False `

#### is_bytes(value) -> bool

Returns True if value is a byte string or a byte array.

`python >>> is_bytes('abcd') False >>> is_bytes(b'abcd') True >>> is_bytes(bytearray((1, 2, 3))) True `

#### is_dict(value) -> bool

Returns True if value is a mapping type.

`python >>> is_dict({'a': 1}) True >>> is_dict([1, 2, 3]) False `

#### is_integer(value) -> bool

Returns True if value is an integer

`python >>> is_integer(0) True >>> is_integer(1) True >>> is_integer('1') False >>> is_integer(1.1) False `

#### is_list_like(value) -> bool

Returns True if value is a non-string sequence such as a sequence (such as a list or tuple).

`python >>> is_list_like('abcd') False >>> is_list_like([]) True >>> is_list_like(tuple()) True `

#### is_list(value) -> bool

Returns True if value is a non-string sequence such as a list.

`python >>> is_list('abcd') False >>> is_list([]) True >>> is_list(tuple()) False `

#### is_tuple(value) -> bool

Returns True if value is a non-string sequence such as a tuple.

`python >>> is_tuple('abcd') False >>> is_tuple([]) False >>> is_tuple(tuple()) True `

#### is_null(value) -> bool

Returns True if value is None

`python >>> is_null(None) True >>> is_null(False) False `

#### is_number(value) -> bool

Returns True if value is numeric

`python >>> is_number(1) True >>> is_number(1.1) True >>> is_number('1') False >>> is_number(decimal.Decimal('1')) True `

#### is_string(value) -> bool

Returns True if value is of any string type.

`python >>> is_string('abcd') True >>> is_string(b'abcd') True >>> is_string(bytearray((1, 2, 3))) True `

#### is_text(value) -> bool

Returns True if value is a text string.

`python >>> is_text(u'abcd') True >>> is_text(b'abcd') False >>> is_text(bytearray((1, 2, 3))) False `