gpt-json

gpt-json is a wrapper around GPT that allows for declarative definition of expected output format. Set up a schema, write a prompt, and get results back as beautiful typehinted objects.

This library introduces the following features:

• 🏗️ Pydantic schema definitions for type casting and validations
• 🧵 Templating of prompts to allow for dynamic content
• 🔎 Supports Vision API, Function Calling, and standard chat prompts
• 🚕 Lightweight transformations of the output to fix broken json
• ♻️ Retry logic for the most common API failures
• 📋 Predict single-objects and lists of objects
• ✈️ Lightweight dependencies: only OpenAI, pydantic, and backoff

Getting Started

pip install gpt-json

Here's how to use it to generate a schema for simple tasks:

import asyncio

from gpt_json import GPTJSON, GPTMessage, GPTMessageRole
from pydantic import BaseModel

class SentimentSchema(BaseModel):
    sentiment: str

SYSTEM_PROMPT = """
Analyze the sentiment of the given text.

Respond with the following JSON schema:

{json_schema}
"""

async def runner():
    gpt_json = GPTJSON[SentimentSchema](API_KEY)
    payload = await gpt_json.run(
        messages=[
            GPTMessage(
                role=GPTMessageRole.SYSTEM,
                content=SYSTEM_PROMPT,
            ),
            GPTMessage(
                role=GPTMessageRole.USER,
                content="Text: I love this product. It's the best thing ever!",
            )
        ]
    )
    print(payload.response)
    print(f"Detected sentiment: {payload.response.sentiment}")

asyncio.run(runner())

sentiment='positive'
Detected sentiment: positive

The json_schema is a special keyword that will be replaced with the schema definition at runtime. You should always include this in your payload to ensure the model knows how to format results. However, you can play around with where to include this schema definition; in the system prompt, in the user prompt, at the beginning, or at the end.

You can either typehint the model to return a BaseSchema back, or to provide a list of multiple BaseSchema. Both of these work:

from gpt_json.gpt import GPTJSON, ListResponse

gpt_json_single = GPTJSON[SentimentSchema](API_KEY)
gpt_json_multiple = GPTJSON[ListResponse[SentimentSchema]](API_KEY)

If you want to get more specific about how you expect the model to populate a field, add hints about the value through the "description" field. This helps the model understand what you're looking for, and will help it generate better results.

from pydantic import BaseModel, Field

class SentimentSchema(BaseModel):
    sentiment: int = Field(description="Either -1, 0, or 1.")

sentiment=1
Detected sentiment: 1

Prompt Variables

In addition to the json_schema template keyword, you can also add arbitrary variables into your messages. This allows you to more easily insert user generated content or dynamically generate prompts based on the results of previous messages.

class QuoteSchema(BaseModel):
    quotes: list[str]

SYSTEM_PROMPT = """
Generate fictitious quotes that are {sentiment}.

{json_schema}
"""

gpt_json = GPTJSON[QuoteSchema](API_KEY)
response = await gpt_json.run(
    messages=[
        GPTMessage(
            role=GPTMessageRole.SYSTEM,
            content=SYSTEM_PROMPT,
        ),
    ],
    format_variables={"sentiment": "happy"},
)

When calling the .run() function you can pass it the values that should be filled in this template. This also extends to field descriptions as well, so you can specify custom behavior on a per-field basis.

class QuoteSchema(BaseModel):
    quotes: list[str] = Field(description="Max quantity {max_items}.")

SYSTEM_PROMPT = """
Generate fictitious quotes that are {sentiment}.

{json_schema}
"""

gpt_json = GPTJSON[QuoteSchema](API_KEY)
response = await gpt_json.run(
    messages=[
        GPTMessage(
            role=GPTMessageRole.SYSTEM,
            content=SYSTEM_PROMPT,
        ),
    ],
    format_variables={"sentiment": "happy", "max_items": 5},
)

Function Calls

gpt-3.5-turbo-0613 and gpt-4-0613 were fine-tuned to support a specific syntax for function calls. We support this syntax in gpt-json as well. Here's an example of how to use it:

class UnitType(Enum):
    CELSIUS = "celsius"
    FAHRENHEIT = "fahrenheit"


class GetCurrentWeatherRequest(BaseModel):
    location: str = Field(description="The city and state, e.g. San Francisco, CA")
    unit: UnitType | None = None


class DataPayload(BaseModel):
    data: str


def get_current_weather(request: GetCurrentWeatherRequest):
    """
    Get the current weather in a given location
    """
    weather_info = {
        "location": request.location,
        "temperature": "72",
        "unit": request.unit,
        "forecast": ["sunny", "windy"],
    }
    return json_dumps(weather_info)


async def runner():
    gpt_json = GPTJSON[DataPayload](API_KEY, functions=[get_current_weather])
    response = await gpt_json.run(
        messages=[
            GPTMessage(
                role=GPTMessageRole.USER,
                content="What's the weather like in Boston, in F?",
            ),
        ],
    )

    assert response.function_call == get_current_weather
    assert response.function_arg == GetCurrentWeatherRequest(
        location="Boston", unit=UnitType.FAHRENHEIT
    )

The response provides the original function alongside a formatted Pydantic object. If users want to execute the function, they can run response.function_call(response.function_arg). We will parse the get_current_weather function and the GetCurrentWeatherRequest parameter into the format that GPT expects, so it is more likely to return you a correct function execution.

GPT makes no guarantees about the validity of the returned functions. They could hallucinate a function name or the function signature. To address these cases, the run() function may now throw two new exceptions:

InvalidFunctionResponse - The function name is incorrect. InvalidFunctionParameters - The function name is correct, but doesn't match the input schema that was provided.

Other Configurations

The GPTJSON class supports other configuration parameters at initialization.

Transformations

GPT (especially GPT-4) is relatively good at formatting responses at JSON, but it's not perfect. Some of the more common issues are:

• Response truncation: Since GPT is not internally aware of its response length limit, JSON payloads will sometimes exhaust the available token space. This results in a broken JSON payload where much of the data is valid but the JSON object is not closed, which is not valid syntax. There are many cases where this behavior is actually okay for production applications - for instance, if you list 100 generated strings, it's sometimes okay for you to take the 70 that actually rendered. In this case, gpt-json will attempt to fix the truncated payload by recreating the JSON object and closing it.
• Boolean variables: GPT will sometimes confuse valid JSON boolean values with the boolean tokens that are used in other languages. The most common is generating True instead of true. gpt-json will attempt to fix these values.

When calling gpt_json.run(), we return a tuple of values:

payload = await gpt_json.run(...)

print(transformations.fix_transforms)

FixTransforms(fixed_truncation=True, fixed_bools=False)

The first object is your generated Pydantic model. The second object is our correction storage object FixTransforms. This dataclass contains flags for each of the supported transformation cases that are sketched out above. This allows you to determine whether the response was explicitly parsed from the GPT JSON, or was passed through some middlelayers to get a correct output. From there you can accept or reject the response based on your own business logic.

Where you can help: There are certainly more areas of common (and not-so-common failures). If you see these, please add a test case to the unit tests. If you can write a handler to help solve the general case, please do so. Otherwise flag it as a pytest.xfail and we'll add it to the backlog.

Testing

We use poetry for package management. To run the bundled tests, clone the package from github.

poetry install
poetry run pytest .

Our focus is on making unit tests as robust as possible. The variability with GPT should be in its language model, not in its JSON behavior! This is still certainly a work in progress. If you see an edge case that isn't covered, please add it to the test suite.

Comparison to Other Libraries

A non-exhaustive list of other libraries that address the same problem. None of them were fully compatible with my deployment (hence this library), but check them out:

jsonformer - Works with any Huggingface model, whereas gpt-json is specifically tailored towards the GPT-X family. GPT doesn't output logit probabilities or allow fixed decoder templating so the same approach can't apply.

Formatting

We use black and mypy for formatting. You can set up a pre-commit git hook to do this automatically via the ./lint.sh helper file.

If you perform a bulk reformatting to the codebase, you should add your most recent commit to the .git-blame-ignore-revs file and run:

git config blame.ignoreRevsFile .git-blame-ignore-revs