包 Late 1.3.0b1

Late binding for Python default arguments

What is it?

包 Late provides decorators and functions to work around the issues that early binding of default argument values produces in Python.

What follows is not intuitive for newcomers to Python, but it's something that everyone learns quickly:

>>> def f(x=[]):
...     x.append(1)
...     return x
...
>>> f()
[1]
>>> f()
[1, 1]
>>> f()
[1, 1, 1]

The behavior in Python is that the same initializer value is passed on every function invocation, so using mutable values produces the above results.

The coding pattern to work around the above is to use None as the initializer, and check for the argument value at the start of the function code:

>>> def f(x=None):
...     if x is None:
...         x = []
...     x.append(1)
...     return x
...
>>> f()
[1]
>>> f()
[1]
>>> f()
[1]

It's ugly, but it works.

Now comes the other ugly part. When using type annotations, the above function must be declared in a way so that type checkers do not complain about using None as the default value:

def f(x: list[Any] | None = None) -> list[Any]:

or:

def f(x: Optional[list[Any]] = None) -> list[Any]:

Another problem with the above declarations is that calling f(None) passes type checking, when that's probably not the preferred situation.

A solution

包 Late provides a way to solve the above ugliness with some decorator magic. This is how the code looks with some of that magic:

from late import latebinding, __


@latebinding
def f(x: list[Any] = __([])) -> list[Any]:
    x.append(1)
    return x

assert f() == [1]
assert f() == [1]
assert f() == [1]

For constructors for basic structured types, the __() call may be omitted:

@latebinding
def f(x: list[Any] = []) -> list[Any]:

Working with classes

包 Late also works with classes and dataclass. The @latebinding decorator must be the outer one:

@latebinding
@dataclass
class C:
    x: list[Any] = __([])  # noqa

c = C()
assert c.x == []

d = C()
assert d.x == []
c.x = [1]
assert c.x == [1]
assert d.x == []

assert d.x is not c.x

Working with iterators

包 Late allows passing an iterator as a default argument value, and it will provide the next value on each function call. The usefulness of this feature is unknown, but it's something that came up during the discussions about default arguments, so 包 Late implements it.

    def fib() -> Iterator[int]:
        x, y = 0, 1
        while True:
            yield x
            x, y = y, x + y


    @latebinding
    def f(x: int = __(fib())) -> int:
        return x

    assert f() == 0
    assert f() == 1
    assert f() == 1
    assert f() == 2
    assert f() == 3
    assert f() == 5

This is a possible use for the iterator feature. Imagine a function that requires a unique ID, and will generate one if none is provided. Without 包 Late the declaration would be:

def get_session(uniqueid: int | None = None) -> Session:
    if uniqueid is None:
        uniqueid = make_unique_id()

Using 包 Late, the declaration can be:

def unique_id_generator() -> Iterator[int]:
    while True:
        yield make_unique_id()

@latebinding
def get_session(uniqueid: int = __(unique_id_generator())) -> Session:

Working with functions

包 Late also allows late-binding for functions, so the above example could be implemented using a function instead of a generator:

@latebinding
def get_session(uniqueid: int = __(make_unique_id)) -> Session:

The given function will be called once every time the uniqueid argument is omitted.

About name choice

The names of what 包 Late exports are chosen to be explicit where it matters, and to not get in the way of the visuals of a declaration. In particular, __() was chosen to interfere the least possible with reading a function declaration (late() is another name for it, and __ is seldom used in Python code).

At any rate, 包 Late is so simple and so small that you can apply any changes you like and use it as another part of your code instead of installing it as a library.

How does it work?

For values of immutable types, __() will return the same value. For all other types __() will wrap the value in a special namedtuple(actual=value). At function invocation time, this it what happens:

• if the argument name is already in kwargs, nothing is done
• if the wrapped value is an iterator, then next(actual) is used
• if the wrapped value is a function, then actual() is used
• in all other cases copy.deepcopy(actual) is used

For convenient type checking, __() is declared so its type will be the desired one depending on the argument:

def late(o: _T | Iterator[_V] | Callable[[], _R]) -> _T | _V | _R:

Late binding?

The definition of Late Binding that 包 Late uses is that of what is resolved at runtime instead of at compile time.

Why doesn't the Python interpreter solve this?

Although the ugliness and inconvenience in the current situation have been acknowledged and discussed for a very long time, there has never been an agreement about the usefulness, the semantics, nor the syntax of a solution. That way the status quo has remained unchanged.

You can find a recent discussion about these topics on the Python Ideas site.

Installation

$ pip install Late

License

包 Late is licensed as reads in LICENSE.

And now... this!

You can use 包, the Kanji for "wrap", instead of __ to late-bind an argument.

@latebinding
def f(x: list[Any] = 包([])) -> list[Any]: