logic 0.1.4

LogPy
=====

Logic Programming in Python

Examples
--------

LogPy enables the expression of relations and the search for values which satisfy them. The following code is the "Hello, world!" of logic programming. It asks for `1` number, `x`, such that `x == 5`

~~~~~~~~~~~Python
>>> from logpy import run, eq, membero, var, conde
>>> x = var()
>>> run(1, x, eq(x, 5))
(5,)
~~~~~~~~~~~

Multiple variables and multiple goals can be used simultaneously. The
following code asks for a number x such that `x == z` and `z == 3`

~~~~~~~~~~~Python
>>> z = var()
>>> run(1, x, eq(x, z),
eq(z, 5))
(3,)
~~~~~~~~~~~

LogPy uses [unification](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification_%28computer_science%29), an advanced form of pattern matching, to match within expression trees.
The following code asks for a number, x, such that `(1, 2) == (1, x)` holds.

~~~~~~~~~~~Python
>>> run(1, x, eq((1, 2), (1, x)))
(2,)
~~~~~~~~~~~

The above examples use `eq`, a *goal constructor* to state that two expressions
are equal. Other goal constructors exist such as `membero(item, coll)` which
states that `item` is a member of `coll`, a collection.

The following example uses `membero` twice to ask for 2 values of x,
such that x is a member of `(1, 2, 3)` and that x is a member of `(2, 3, 4)`.

~~~~~~~~~~~Python
>>> run(2, x, membero(x, (1, 2, 3)), # x is a member of (1, 2, 3)
membero(x, (2, 3, 4))) # x is a member of (2, 3, 4)
(2, 3)
>>> run(4, x, membero(x, (1, 2, 3)), # asks for 4 values of x
membero(x, (2, 3, 4))) # but only 2 values are members of both
(2, 3)
~~~~~~~~~~~

LogPy supports relations and facts. This is best demonstrated by example.

The following code creates a parent relationship and uses it to state
facts about who is a parent of whom.

~~~~~~~~~~~Python
>>> from logpy import Relation, facts
>>> parent = Relation()
>>> facts(parent, ("Homer", "Bart"),
... ("Homer", "Lisa"),
... ("Abe", "Homer"))

>>> run(1, x, parent(x, "Bart"))
('Homer',)

>>> run(2, x, parent("Homer", x))
('Lisa', 'Bart')
~~~~~~~~~~~~

We can use intermediate variables for more complex queries. Who is Bart's grandfather?

~~~~~~~~~~~Python
>>> y = var()
>>> run(1, x, parent(x, y),
parent(y, 'Bart'))
('Abe',)
~~~~~~~~~~~~

We can express the grandfather relationship separately. In this example we use `conde`, a goal constructor for logical *and* and *or*.

~~~~~~~~~~~Python
>>> def grandparent(x, z):
... y = var()
... return conde((parent(x, y), parent(y, z)))

>>> run(1, x, grandparent(x, 'Bart'))
('Abe,')
~~~~~~~~~~~~

Install
-------

With `pip` or `easy_install`

pip install logic

From source

git clone git@github.com:logpy/logpy.git
cd logpy
python setup.py install

Run tests with nose

nosetests

LogPy is pure Python

Author
------

[Matthew Rocklin](http://matthewrocklin.com)

License
-------

New BSD license. See LICENSE.txt

References
----------

[Logic Programming](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_programming)
was first popularized through the
[Prolog language](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolog).

This implementation closely follows the design of
[miniKanren](http://kanren.sourceforge.net/), a Scheme library for relational
programming. More information can be found in the
[thesis of William
Byrd](https://scholarworks.iu.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/2022/8777/Byrd_indiana_0093A_10344.pdf).

miniKanren came to our attention through the
[core.logic](https://github.com/clojure/core.logic) Clojure library.