logic 0.2.1

LogPy
=====

[](https://travis-ci.org/logpy/logpy)

Logic Programming in Python

Examples
--------

LogPy enables the expression of relations and the search for values which satisfy them. The following code is the "Hello, world!" of logic programming. It asks for `1` number, `x`, such that `x == 5`

~~~~~~~~~~~Python
>>> from logpy import run, eq, membero, var, conde
>>> x = var()
>>> run(1, x, eq(x, 5))
(5,)
~~~~~~~~~~~

Multiple variables and multiple goals can be used simultaneously. The
following code asks for a number x such that `x == z` and `z == 3`

~~~~~~~~~~~Python
>>> z = var()
>>> run(1, x, eq(x, z),
eq(z, 3))
(3,)
~~~~~~~~~~~

LogPy uses [unification](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification_%28computer_science%29), an advanced form of pattern matching, to match within expression trees.
The following code asks for a number, x, such that `(1, 2) == (1, x)` holds.

~~~~~~~~~~~Python
>>> run(1, x, eq((1, 2), (1, x)))
(2,)
~~~~~~~~~~~

The above examples use `eq`, a *goal constructor* to state that two expressions
are equal. Other goal constructors exist such as `membero(item, coll)` which
states that `item` is a member of `coll`, a collection.

The following example uses `membero` twice to ask for 2 values of x,
such that x is a member of `(1, 2, 3)` and that x is a member of `(2, 3, 4)`.

~~~~~~~~~~~Python
>>> run(2, x, membero(x, (1, 2, 3)), # x is a member of (1, 2, 3)
membero(x, (2, 3, 4))) # x is a member of (2, 3, 4)
(2, 3)
~~~~~~~~~~~

### Representing Knowledge

LogPy stores data as facts that state relationships between terms.

The following code creates a parent relationship and uses it to state
facts about who is a parent of whom within the Simpsons family.

~~~~~~~~~~~Python
>>> from logpy import Relation, facts
>>> parent = Relation()
>>> facts(parent, ("Homer", "Bart"),
... ("Homer", "Lisa"),
... ("Abe", "Homer"))

>>> run(1, x, parent(x, "Bart"))
('Homer',)

>>> run(2, x, parent("Homer", x))
('Lisa', 'Bart')
~~~~~~~~~~~~

We can use intermediate variables for more complex queries. Who is Bart's grandfather?

~~~~~~~~~~~Python
>>> y = var()
>>> run(1, x, parent(x, y),
parent(y, 'Bart'))
('Abe',)
~~~~~~~~~~~~

We can express the grandfather relationship separately. In this example we use `conde`, a goal constructor for logical *and* and *or*.

~~~~~~~~~~~Python
>>> def grandparent(x, z):
... y = var()
... return conde((parent(x, y), parent(y, z)))

>>> run(1, x, grandparent(x, 'Bart'))
('Abe,')
~~~~~~~~~~~~

Data Structures
---------------

LogPy depends on functions, tuples, dicts, and generators. There are almost no new data structures/classes in LogPy so it should be simple to integrate into preexisting code.


Extending LogPy to other Types
------------------------------

LogPy uses [Multiple Dispatch](http://github.com/mrocklin/multipledispatch/) to
support pattern matching on user defined types. (Also see [unification (wikipedia)](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification_%28computer_science%29) and [logpy source](https://github.com/logpy/logpy/blob/master/logpy/unification.py#L60-L107))

~~~~~~~~~~~~Python
from logpy import unify, var
from logpy.dispatch import dispatch

class Account(object):
def __init__(self, name, amount):
self.name = name
self.amount = amount
def __str__(self):
return "%s: $%d" % (self.name, self.account)


@dispatch(Account, Account, dict)
def _unify(u, v, s):
""" Unify accounts by unifying a tuple of their type, name and amount """
uu = (type(u), u.name, u.amount)
vv = (type(v), v.name, v.amount)

return unify(uu, vv, s)


>>> x = var('x')

>>> unify(Account('Alice', 100), Account(x, 100), {})
{x: 'Alice'}

>>> unify(Account('Alice', 100), Account(x, 200), {})
False
~~~~~~~~~~~~


Alternatively just decorate your classes with the `@unifiable` class decorator

~~~~~~~~~~~~Python
from logpy import unifiable

@unifiable
class Account(object):
...
~~~~~~~~~~~~


Install
-------

With `pip` or `easy_install`

pip install logic

From source

git clone git@github.com:logpy/logpy.git
cd logpy
python setup.py install

Run tests with nose

nosetests --with-doctest

Dependencies
------------

``LogPy`` supports Python 2.6+ and Python 3.2+ with a common codebase.
It is pure Python and requires no dependencies beyond the standard
library, [`toolz`](http://github.com/pytoolz/toolz/) and
[`multipledispatch`](http://github.com/mrocklin/multipledispatch/).

It is, in short, a light weight dependency.

Author
------

[Matthew Rocklin](http://matthewrocklin.com)

License
-------

New BSD license. See LICENSE.txt

Motivation
----------

Logic programming is a general programming paradigm. This implementation however came about specifically to serve as an algorithmic core for Computer Algebra Systems in Python and for the automated generation and optimization of numeric software. Domain specific languages, code generation, and compilers have recently been a hot topic in the Scientific Python community. LogPy aims to be a low-level core for these projects.

References
----------

* [Logic Programming on wikipedia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_programming)
* [miniKanren](http://minikanren.org/), a Scheme library for relational programming on which this library is based. More information can be found in the
[thesis of William
Byrd](https://scholarworks.iu.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/2022/8777/Byrd_indiana_0093A_10344.pdf).
* [core.logic](https://github.com/clojure/core.logic) a popular implementation of miniKanren in Clojure.