mack

mack provides a variety of helper methods that make it easy for you to perform common Delta Lake operations.

Setup

Install mack with pip install mack.

Here's an example of how you can perform a Type 2 SCD upsert with a single line of code using Mack:

import mack

mack.type_2_scd_upsert(path, updatesDF, "pkey", ["attr1", "attr2"])

Type 2 SCD Upserts

This library provides an opinionated, conventions over configuration, approach to Type 2 SCD management. Let's look at an example before covering the conventions required to take advantage of the functionality.

Suppose you have the following SCD table with the pkey primary key:

+----+-----+-----+----------+-------------------+--------+
|pkey|attr1|attr2|is_current|     effective_time|end_time|
+----+-----+-----+----------+-------------------+--------+
|   1|    A|    A|      true|2019-01-01 00:00:00|    null|
|   2|    B|    B|      true|2019-01-01 00:00:00|    null|
|   4|    D|    D|      true|2019-01-01 00:00:00|    null|
+----+-----+-----+----------+-------------------+--------+

You'd like to perform an upsert with this data:

+----+-----+-----+-------------------+
|pkey|attr1|attr2|     effective_time|
+----+-----+-----+-------------------+
|   2|    Z| null|2020-01-01 00:00:00| // upsert data
|   3|    C|    C|2020-09-15 00:00:00| // new pkey
+----+-----+-----+-------------------+

Here's how to perform the upsert:

mack.type_2_scd_upsert(delta_table, updatesDF, "pkey", ["attr1", "attr2"])

Here's the table after the upsert:

+----+-----+-----+----------+-------------------+-------------------+
|pkey|attr1|attr2|is_current|     effective_time|           end_time|
+----+-----+-----+----------+-------------------+-------------------+
|   2|    B|    B|     false|2019-01-01 00:00:00|2020-01-01 00:00:00|
|   4|    D|    D|      true|2019-01-01 00:00:00|               null|
|   1|    A|    A|      true|2019-01-01 00:00:00|               null|
|   3|    C|    C|      true|2020-09-15 00:00:00|               null|
|   2|    Z| null|      true|2020-01-01 00:00:00|               null|
+----+-----+-----+----------+-------------------+-------------------+

You can leverage the upsert code if your SCD table meets these requirements:

• Contains a unique primary key column
• Any change in an attribute column triggers an upsert
• SCD logic is exposed via effective_time, end_time and is_current column (you can also use date or version columns for SCD upserts)

Kill duplicates

The kill_duplicate function completely removes all duplicate rows from a Delta table.

Suppose you have the following table:

+----+----+----+
|col1|col2|col3|
+----+----+----+
|   1|   A|   A| # duplicate
|   2|   A|   B|
|   3|   A|   A| # duplicate
|   4|   A|   A| # duplicate
|   5|   B|   B| # duplicate
|   6|   D|   D|
|   9|   B|   B| # duplicate
+----+----+----+

Run the kill_duplicates function:

mack.kill_duplicates(deltaTable, ["col2", "col3"])

Here's the ending state of the table:

+----+----+----+
|col1|col2|col3|
+----+----+----+
|   2|   A|   B|
|   6|   D|   D|
+----+----+----+

Drop duplicates with Primary Key

The drop_duplicates_pkey function removes all but one duplicate row from a Delta table. Warning: You have to provide a primary column that must contain unique values, otherwise the method will default to kill the duplicates. If you can not provide a unique primary key, you can use the drop_duplicates method.

Suppose you have the following table:

+----+----+----+----+
|col1|col2|col3|col4|
+----+----+----+----+
|   1|   A|   A|   C| # duplicate1
|   2|   A|   B|   C|
|   3|   A|   A|   D| # duplicate1
|   4|   A|   A|   E| # duplicate1
|   5|   B|   B|   C| # duplicate2
|   6|   D|   D|   C|
|   9|   B|   B|   E| # duplicate2
+----+----+----+----+

Run the drop_duplicates function:

mack.drop_duplicates_pkey(delta_table=deltaTable, primary_key="col1", duplication_columns=["col2", "col3"])

Here's the ending state of the table:

+----+----+----+----+
|col1|col2|col3|col4|
+----+----+----+----+
|   1|   A|   A|   C|
|   2|   A|   B|   C|
|   5|   B|   B|   C|
|   6|   D|   D|   C|
+----+----+----+----+

Drop duplicates

The drop_duplicates function removes all but one duplicate row from a Delta table. It behaves exactly like the drop_duplicates DataFrame API. Warning: This method is overwriting the whole table, thus very inefficient. If you can, use the drop_duplicates_pkey method instead.

Suppose you have the following table:

+----+----+----+----+
|col1|col2|col3|col4|
+----+----+----+----+
|   1|   A|   A|   C| # duplicate
|   1|   A|   A|   C| # duplicate
|   2|   A|   A|   C|
+----+----+----+----+

Run the drop_duplicates function:

mack.drop_duplicates(delta_table=deltaTable, duplication_columns=["col1"])

Here's the ending state of the table:

+----+----+----+----+
|col1|col2|col3|col4|
+----+----+----+----+
|   1|   A|   A|   C| # duplicate
|   2|   A|   A|   C| # duplicate
+----+----+----+----+

Copy table

The copy_table function copies an existing Delta table. When you copy a table, it gets recreated at a specified target. This target could be a path or a table in a metastore. Copying includes:

• Data
• Partitioning
• Table properties

Copying does not include the delta log, which means that you will not be able to restore the new table to an old version of the original table.

Here's how to perform the copy:

mack.copy_table(delta_table=deltaTable, target_path=path)

Validate append

The validate_append function provides a mechanism for allowing some columns for schema evolution, but rejecting appends with columns that aren't specificly allowlisted.

Suppose you have the following Delta table:

+----+----+----+
|col1|col2|col3|
+----+----+----+
|   2|   b|   B|
|   1|   a|   A|
+----+----+----+

Here's a appender function that wraps validate_append:

def append_fun(delta_table, append_df):
    mack.validate_append(
        delta_table,
        append_df,
        required_cols=["col1", "col2"],
        optional_cols=["col4"],
    )

You can append the following DataFrame that contains the required columns and the optional columns:

+----+----+----+
|col1|col2|col4|
+----+----+----+
|   3|   c| cat|
|   4|   d| dog|
+----+----+----+

Here's what the Delta table will contain after that data is appended:

+----+----+----+----+
|col1|col2|col3|col4|
+----+----+----+----+
|   3|   c|null| cat|
|   4|   d|null| dog|
|   2|   b|   B|null|
|   1|   a|   A|null|
+----+----+----+----+

You cannot append the following DataFrame which contains the required columns, but also contains another column (col5) that's not specified as an optional column.

+----+----+----+
|col1|col2|col5|
+----+----+----+
|   4|   b|   A|
|   5|   y|   C|
|   6|   z|   D|
+----+----+----+

Here's the error you'll get when you attempt this write: "TypeError: The column 'col5' is not part of the current Delta table. If you want to add the column to the table you must set the optional_cols parameter."

You also cannot append the following DataFrame which is missing one of the required columns.

+----+----+
|col1|col4|
+----+----+
|   4|   A|
|   5|   C|
|   6|   D|
+----+----+

Here's the error you'll get: "TypeError: The base Delta table has these columns '['col1', 'col4']', but these columns are required '['col1', 'col2']'."

Append data without duplicates

The append_without_duplicates function helps to append records to a existing Delta table without getting duplicates appended to the record.

Suppose you have the following Delta table:

+----+----+----+
|col1|col2|col3|
+----+----+----+
|   1|   A|   B|
|   2|   C|   D|
|   3|   E|   F|
+----+----+----+

Here is data to be appended:

+----+----+----+
|col1|col2|col3|
+----+----+----+
|   2|   R|   T| # duplicate col1
|   8|   A|   B|
|   8|   C|   D| # duplicate col1
|  10|   X|   Y|
+----+----+----+

Run the append_without_duplicates function:

mack.append_without_duplicates(deltaTable, append_df, ["col1"])

Here's the ending result:

+----+----+----+
|col1|col2|col3|
+----+----+----+
|   1|   A|   B|
|   2|   C|   D|
|   3|   E|   F|
|   8|   A|   B|
|  10|   X|   Y|
+----+----+----+

Notice that the duplicate col1 value was not appended. If a normal append operation was run, then the Delta table would contain two rows of data with col1 equal to 2.

Delta File Sizes

The delta_file_sizes function returns a dictionary that contains the total size in bytes, the amount of files and the average file size for a given Delta Table.

Suppose you have the following Delta Table, partitioned by col1:

+----+----+----+
|col1|col2|col3|
+----+----+----+
|   1|   A|   A|
|   2|   A|   B|
+----+----+----+

Running mack.delta_file_sizes(delta_table) on that table will return:

{"size_in_bytes": 1320,
"number_of_files": 2,
"average_file_size_in_bytes": 660}

Show Delta File Sizes

The show_delta_file_sizes function prints the amount of files, the size of the table, and the average file size for a delta table.

Suppose you have the following Delta Table, partitioned by col1:

+----+----+----+
|col1|col2|col3|
+----+----+----+
|   1|   A|   A|
|   2|   A|   B|
+----+----+----+

Running mack.delta_file_sizes(delta_table) on that table will print:

The delta table contains 2 files with a size of 1.32 kB. The average file size is 660.0 B

Humanize Bytes

The humanize_bytes function formats an integer representing a number of bytes in an easily human readable format.

mack.humanize_bytes(1234567890) # "1.23 GB"
mack.humanize_bytes(1234567890000) # "1.23 TB"

It's a lot easier for a human to understand 1.23 GB compared to 1234567890 bytes.

Is Composite Key Candidate

The is_composite_key_candidate function returns a boolean that indicates whether a set of columns are unique and could form a composite key or not.

Suppose you have the following Delta Table:

+----+----+----+
|col1|col2|col3|
+----+----+----+
|   1|   A|   A|
|   2|   B|   B|
|   2|   C|   B|
+----+----+----+

Running mack.is_composite_key_candidate(delta_table, ["col1"]) on that table will return False. Running mack.is_composite_key_candidate(delta_table, ["col1", "col2"]) on that table will return True.

Find Composite Key Candidates in the Delta table

The find_composite_key_candidates function helps you find a composite key that uniquely identifies the rows your Delta table. It returns a list of columns that can be used as a composite key.

Suppose you have the following Delta table:

+----+----+----+
|col1|col2|col3|
+----+----+----+
|   1|   a|   z|
|   1|   a|   b|
|   3|   c|   b|
+----+----+----+

Running mack.find_composite_key_candidates(delta_table) on that table will return ["col1", "col3"].

Append md5 column

The with_md5_cols function appends a md5 hash of specified columns to the DataFrame. This can be used as a unique key if the selected columns form a composite key.

You can use this function with the columns identified in find_composite_key_candidates to append a unique key to the DataFrame.

Suppose you have the following Delta table:

+----+----+----+
|col1|col2|col3|
+----+----+----+
|   1|   a|null|
|   2|   b|   b|
|   3|   c|   c|
+----+----+----+

Running mack.with_md5_cols(delta_table, ["col2", "col3"]) on that table will append a md5_col2_col3 as follows:

+----+----+----+--------------------------------+
|col1|col2|col3|md5_col2_col3                   |
+----+----+----+--------------------------------+
|1   |a   |null|0cc175b9c0f1b6a831c399e269772661|
|2   |b   |b   |1eeaac3814eb80cc40efb005cf0b9141|
|3   |c   |c   |4e202f8309e7b00349c70845ab02fce9|
+----+----+----+--------------------------------+

Get Latest Delta Table Version

The latest_version function gets the most current Delta Table version number and returns it.

delta_table = DeltaTable.forPath(spark, path)
mack.latest_version(delta_table)
>> 2

Append data with constraints

The constraint_append function helps to append records to an existing Delta table even if there are records in the append dataframe that violate table constraints, these records are appended to an existing quarantine Delta table instead of the target table.

Suppose you have the following target Delta table with these constraints:

col1_constraint: (col1 > 0)
col2_constraint: (col2 != 'Z')

+----+----+----+
|col1|col2|col3|
+----+----+----+
|   1|   A|   B|
|   2|   C|   D|
|   3|   E|   F|
+----+----+----+

Suppose you have a quarantine Delta table with the same schema but without the constraints.

Here is data to be appended:

+----+----+----+
|col1|col2|col3|
+----+----+----+
|   0|   Z|   Z| # violates both col1_constraint and col2_constraint
|   4|   A|   B|
|   5|   C|   D|
|   6|   E|   F|
|   9|   G|   G|
|  11|   Z|   Z| # violates col2_constraint
+----+----+----+

Run the constraint_append function:

mack.constraint_append(delta_table, append_df, quarantine_table)

Here's the ending result in delta_table:

+----+----+----+
|col1|col2|col3|
+----+----+----+
|   1|   A|   B|
|   2|   C|   D|
|   3|   E|   F|
|   4|   A|   B|
|   5|   C|   D|
|   6|   E|   F|
|   9|   G|   G|
+----+----+----+

Here's the ending result in quarantine_table:

+----+----+----+
|col1|col2|col3|
+----+----+----+
|   0|   Z|   Z|
|  11|   Z|   Z|
+----+----+----+

Notice that the records that violated either of the constraints are appended to the quarantine table all other records are appended to the target table and the append has not failed. If a normal append operation was run, then it would have failed on the constraint violation.

Dictionary

We're leveraging the following terminology defined here.

• Natural key: an attribute that can uniquely identify a row, and exists in the real world.
• Surrogate key: an attribute that can uniquely identify a row, and does not exist in the real world.
  
• Composite key: more than one attribute that when combined can uniquely identify a row.
• Primary key: the single unique identifier for the row.
• Candidate key: an attribute that could be the primary key.
• Alternate key: a candidate key that is not the primary key.
• Unique key: an attribute that can be unique on the table. Can also be called an alternate key.
• Foreign key: an attribute that is used to refer to another record in another table.

Project maintainers

• Matthew Powers aka MrPowers
• Robert Kossendey aka robertkossendey
• Souvik Pratiher aka souvik-databricks

Project philosophy

The mack library is designed to make common Delta Lake data tasks easier.

You don't need to use mack of course. You can write the logic yourself.

If you don't want to add a dependency to your project, you can also easily copy / paste the functions from mack. The functions in this library are intentionally designed to be easy to copy and paste.

Let's look at some of the reasons you may want to add mack as a dependency.

Exposing nice public interfaces

The public interface (and only the public interface) is available via the mack namespace.

When you run import mack, you can access the entirety of the public interface. No private implementation details are exposed in the mack namespace.

Minimal dependencies

Mack only depends on Spark & Delta Lake. No other dependencies will be added to Mack.

Spark users leverage a variety of runtimes and it's not always easy to add a dependency. You can run pip install mack and won't have to worry about resolving a lot of dependency conflicts. You can also Just attach a mack wheel file to a cluster to leverage the project.

Provide best practices examples for the community

Mack strives to be a good example codebase for the PySpark / Delta Lake community.

There aren't a lot of open source Delta Lake projects. There are even fewer that use good software engineering practices like CI and unit testing. You can use mack to help guide your design decisions in proprietary code repos.

Stable public interfaces and long term support after 1.0 release

Mack reserves the right to make breaking public interface changes before the 1.0 release. We'll always minimize breaking changes whenever possible.

After the 1.0 release, Mack will stricly follow Semantic Versioning 2.0 and will only make breaking public interface changes in major releases. Hopefully 1.0 will be the only major release and there won't have to be any breaking changes.

Code design

Here are some of the code design principles used in Mack:

• We avoid classes whenever possible. Classes make it harder to copy / paste little chunks of code into notebooks. It's good to Stop Writing Classes.
• We try to make functions that are easy to copy. We do this by limiting functions that depend on other functions or classes. We'd rather nest a single use function in a public interface method than make it separate.
• Develop and then abstract. All code goes in a single file till the right abstractions become apparent. We'd rather have a large file than the wrong abstractions.

Docker Environment

The Dockerfile and docker-compose files provide a containerized way to run and develop with mack.

• The first time run docker build --tag=mack . to build the image.
• To execute the unit tests inside the Docker container, run docker-compose up test
• To drop into the running Docker container to develop, run docker run -it mack /bin/bash

Community

Blogs

• Daniel Beach (Confessions of a Data Guy): Simplify Delta Lake Complexity with mack.
• Bartosz Konieczny (waitingforcode): Simplified Delta Lake operations with Mack