mkinit 1.1.0

The Pitch

Say you have a python module structured like so:

└── mkinit_demo_pkg
    ├── __init__.py
    ├── submod.py
    └── subpkg
        ├── __init__.py
        └── nested.py

And you would like to make all functions inside of submod.py and nested.py available at the top-level of the package.

Imagine the contents of submod.py and nested.py are:

# --- submod.py ---

def submod_func():
    print('This is a submod func in {}'.format(__file__))

# --- nested.py ---

def nested_func():
    print('This is a nested func in {}'.format(__file__))

You could manually write:

from mkinit_demo_pkg.submod import *
from mkinit_demo_pkg.subpkg.nested import *

But that has a few problems. Using import * makes it hard for people reading the code to know what is coming from where. Furthermore, if there were many submodules you wanted to expose attributes of, writing this would become tedious and hard to maintain.

Enter the mkinit package. It has the ability to autogenerate explicit __init__.py files using static analysis. Normally, the mkinit CLI only works on one file at a time, but if we specify the --recursive flag, then mkinit will recursively generate __init__.py files for all subpackages in the package.

Thus running mkinit mkinit_demo_pkg --recursive will result in a root __init__.py file that looks like this:

from mkinit_demo_pkg import submod
from mkinit_demo_pkg import subpkg

from mkinit_demo_pkg.submod import (submod_func,)
from mkinit_demo_pkg.subpkg import (nested, nested_func,)

__all__ = ['nested', 'nested_func', 'submod', 'submod_func', 'subpkg']

That’s pretty cool. The mkinit package was able to recursively parse our package, find all of the defined names, and then generate __init__.py files such that all attributes are exposed at the top level of the package. Furthermore, this file is readable. It is perfectly clear exactly what names are exposed in this module without having to execute anything.

Of course, this isn’t a perfect solution. Perhaps only some submodules should be exposed, perhaps you would rather use relative import statements, maybe you only want to expose submodule but not their attributes, or vis-versa. Well good news, because mkinit has command line flags that allow for all of these modes. See mkinit --help for more details.

Lastly, while exposing all attributes can be helpful for larger projects, import time can start to become a consideration. Thankfully, PEP 0562 outlines a lazy import specification for Python >= 3.7. As of 2020-12-26 mkinit supports autogenerating these lazy init files.

Unfortunately, there is no syntax support for lazy imports, so mkinit must define a lazy_import boilerplate function in each __init__.py file.

def lazy_import(module_name, submodules, submod_attrs):
    """
    Boilerplate to define PEP 562 __getattr__ for lazy import
    https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0562/
    """
    import importlib
    import os
    name_to_submod = {
        func: mod for mod, funcs in submod_attrs.items()
        for func in funcs
    }

    def __getattr__(name):
        if name in submodules:
            attr = importlib.import_module(
                '{module_name}.{name}'.format(
                    module_name=module_name, name=name)
            )
        elif name in name_to_submod:
            submodname = name_to_submod[name]
            module = importlib.import_module(
                '{module_name}.{submodname}'.format(
                    module_name=module_name, submodname=submodname)
            )
            attr = getattr(module, name)
        else:
            raise AttributeError(
                'No {module_name} attribute {name}'.format(
                    module_name=module_name, name=name))
        globals()[name] = attr
        return attr

    if os.environ.get('EAGER_IMPORT', ''):
        for name in submodules:
            __getattr__(name)

        for attrs in submod_attrs.values():
            for attr in attrs:
                __getattr__(attr)
    return __getattr__


__getattr__ = lazy_import(
    __name__,
    submodules={
        'submod',
        'subpkg',
    },
    submod_attrs={
        'submod': [
            'submod_func',
        ],
        'subpkg': [
            'nested',
            'nested_func',
        ],
    },
)

def __dir__():
    return __all__

__all__ = ['nested', 'nested_func', 'submod', 'submod_func', 'subpkg']

Although if you are willing to depend on the lazy_loader package and the --lazy_loader option (new as of 1.0.0), then this boilerplate is no longer needed.

By default, lazy imports are not compatibly with statically typed projects (e.g using mypy or pyright), however, if the lazy_loader package is used, the --lazy_loader_typed option can be specified to generate __init.pyi__ files in addition to lazily evaulated __init.py__ files. These interface files are understood by static type checkers and allow the combination of lazy loading with static type checking.

Command Line Usage

The following command will statically autogenerate an __init__ file in the specified path or module name. If one exists, it will only replace text after the final comment. This means mkinit wont clobber your custom logic and can be used to help maintain customized __init__.py files.

mkinit <your_modname_or_modpath> -w

You can also enclose the area allowed to be clobbered in the auto-generation with special xml-like comments.

Running mkint --help displays:

usage: python -m mkinit [-h] [--dry] [-i] [--diff] [--noattrs] [--nomods] [--noall] [--relative] [--lazy | --lazy_loader] [--black] [--lazy_boilerplate LAZY_BOILERPLATE] [--recursive] [--norespect_all]
                        [--verbose [VERBOSE]] [--version]
                        [modname_or_path]

Autogenerate an `__init__.py` that exposes a top-level API.

Behavior is modified depending on the existing content of the
`__init__.py` file (subsequent runs of mkinit are idempotent).

The following `__init__.py` variables modify autogeneration behavior:

    `__submodules__` (List[str] | Dict[str, List[str])) -
        Indicates the list of submodules to be introspected, if
        unspecified all submodules are introspected. Can be a list
        of submodule names, or a dictionary mapping each submodule name
        to a list of attribute names to expose. If the value is None,
        then all attributes are exposed (or __all__) is respected).

    `__external__` - Specify external modules to expose the attributes of.

    `__explicit__` - Add custom explicitly defined names to this, and
        they will be automatically added to the __all__ variable.

    `__protected__` -  Protected modules are exposed, but their attributes are not.

    `__private__` - Private modules and their attributes are not exposed.

    `__ignore__` - Tells mkinit to ignore particular attributes

positional arguments:
  modname_or_path       module or path to generate __init__.py for

options:
  -h, --help            show this help message and exit
  --dry
  -i, -w, --write, --inplace
                        modify / write to the file inplace
  --diff                show the diff (forces dry mode)
  --noattrs             Do not generate attribute from imports
  --nomods              Do not generate modules imports
  --noall               Do not generate an __all__ variable
  --relative            Use relative . imports instead of <modname>
  --lazy                Use lazy imports with more boilerplate but no dependencies (Python >= 3.7 only!)
  --lazy_loader         Use lazy imports with less boilerplate but requires the lazy_loader module (Python >= 3.7 only!)
  --lazy_loader_typed   Use lazy imports with the lazy_loader module, additionally generating
                        ``__init__.pyi`` files for static typing (e.g. with mypy or pyright) (Python >= 3.7 only!)
  --black               Use black formatting
  --lazy_boilerplate LAZY_BOILERPLATE
                        Code that defines a custom lazy_import callable
  --recursive           If specified, runs mkinit on all subpackages in a package
  --norespect_all       if False does not respect __all__ attributes of submodules when parsing
  --verbose [VERBOSE]   Verbosity level
  --version             print version and exit

Dynamic Usage

NOTE: Dynamic usage is NOT recommended.

In most cases, we recommend using mkinit command line tool to statically generate / update the __init__.py file, but there is an option to to use it dynamically (although this might be considered worse practice than using import *).

import mkinit; exec(mkinit.dynamic_init(__name__))

Step 1 (Optional): Write any custom __init__ code

The first section of the ubelt module consists of manually written code. It contains coding, flake8 directives, a docstring a few comments, a future import, and a custom __version__ attribute. Here is an example of this manually written code in the 0.2.0.dev0 version of ubelt.

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# flake8: noqa
"""
CommandLine:
    # Partially regenerate __init__.py
    mkinit ubelt
"""
# Todo:
#     The following functions and classes are candidates to be ported from utool:
#     * reload_class
#     * inject_func_as_property
#     * accumulate
#     * rsync
from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function, unicode_literals

__version__ = '0.2.0'

It doesn’t particularly matter what the above code is, the point is to illustrate that mkinit does not prevent you from customizing your code. By default auto-generation will only start clobbering existing code after the final comment, in the file, which is a decent heuristic, but as we will see, there are other more explicit ways to define exactly where auto-generated code is allowed.

Step 2 (Optional): Enumerate relevant submodules

After optionally writing any custom code, you may optionally specify exactly what submodules should be considered when auto-generating imports. This is done by setting the __submodules__ attribute to a list of submodule names.

In ubelt this section looks similar to the following:

__submodules__ = [
    'util_arg',
    'util_cmd',
    'util_dict',
    'util_links',
    'util_hash',
    'util_import',
    'orderedset',
    'progiter',
]

Note that this step is optional, but recommended. If the __submodules__ package is not specified, then all paths matching the glob expressions *.py or */__init__.py are considered as part of the package.

Step 3: Autogenerate explicitly

To provide the fastest import times and most readable __init__.py files, use the mkinit command line script to statically parse the submodules and populate the __init__.py file with the submodules and their top-level members.

Before running this script it is good practice to paste the XML-like comment directives into the __init__.py file. This restricts where mkinit is allowed to autogenerate code, and it also uses the same indentation of the comments in case you want to run the auto-generated code conditionally. Note, if the second tag is not specified, then it is assumed that mkinit can overwrite everything after the first tag.

# <AUTOGEN_INIT>
pass
# </AUTOGEN_INIT>

Now that we have inserted the auto-generation tags, we can actually run mkinit. In general this is done by running mkinit <path-to-pkg-directory>.

Assuming the ubelt repo is checked out in ~/code/, the command to autogenerate its __init__.py file would be: mkinit ~/code/ubelt/ubelt. Given the previously specified __submodules__, the resulting auto-generated portion of the code looks like this:

# <AUTOGEN_INIT>
from ubelt import util_arg
from ubelt import util_cmd
from ubelt import util_dict
from ubelt import util_links
from ubelt import util_hash
from ubelt import util_import
from ubelt import orderedset
from ubelt import progiter
from ubelt.util_arg import (argflag, argval,)
from ubelt.util_cmd import (cmd,)
from ubelt.util_dict import (AutoDict, AutoOrderedDict, ddict, dict_hist,
                             dict_subset, dict_take, dict_union, dzip,
                             find_duplicates, group_items, invert_dict,
                             map_keys, map_vals, odict,)
from ubelt.util_links import (symlink,)
from ubelt.util_hash import (hash_data, hash_file,)
from ubelt.util_import import (import_module_from_name,
                               import_module_from_path, modname_to_modpath,
                               modpath_to_modname, split_modpath,)
from ubelt.orderedset import (OrderedSet, oset,)
from ubelt.progiter import (ProgIter,)
__all__ = ['util_arg', 'util_cmd', 'util_dict', 'util_links', 'util_hash',
           'util_import', 'orderedset', 'progiter', 'argflag', 'argval', 'cmd',
           'AutoDict', 'AutoOrderedDict', 'ddict', 'dict_hist', 'dict_subset',
           'dict_take', 'dict_union', 'dzip', 'find_duplicates', 'group_items',
           'invert_dict', 'map_keys', 'map_vals', 'odict', 'symlink',
           'hash_data', 'hash_file', 'import_module_from_name',
           'import_module_from_path', 'modname_to_modpath',
           'modpath_to_modname', 'split_modpath', 'OrderedSet', 'oset',
           'ProgIter']

When running the command-line mkinit tool, the target module is inspected using static analysis, so no code from the target module is ever run. This avoids unintended side effects, prevents arbitrary code execution, and ensures that mkinit will do something useful even if there would otherwise be a runtime error.

Step 3 (alternate): Autogenerate dynamically

While running mkinit from the command line produces the cleanest and most readable __init__.py, you have to run it every time you make a change to your library. This is not always desirable especially during rapid development of a new Python package. In this case it is possible to dynamically execute mkinit on import of your module. To use dynamic initialization simply paste the following lines into the __init__.py file.

import mkinit
exec(mkinit.dynamic_init(__name__, __submodules__))

This is almost equivalent to running the static command line variant. However, instead of using static analysis, this will use the Python interpreter to execute and import all submodules and dynamically inspect the defined members. This is faster than using static analysis, and in most circumstances there will be no difference in the resulting imported attributes. To avoid all differences simply specify the __all__ attribute in each submodule.

Note that inclusion of the __submodules__ attribute is not strictly necessary. The dynamic version of this function will look in the parent stack frame for this attribute if it is not specified explicitly as an argument.

It is also possible to achieve a “best of both worlds” trade-off using conditional logic. Use a conditional block to execute dynamic initialization and place the static auto-generation tags in the block that is not executed. This lets you develop without worrying about updating the __init__.py file, and lets you statically generate the code for documentation purposes when you want to. Once the rapid development phase is over, you can remove the dynamic conditional, keep the auto-generated portion, and forget you ever used mkinit in the first place!

__DYNAMIC__ = True
if __DYNAMIC__:
    from mkinit import dynamic_mkinit
    exec(dynamic_mkinit.dynamic_init(__name__))
else:
    # <AUTOGEN_INIT>
    from mkinit import dynamic_mkinit
    from mkinit import static_mkinit
    from mkinit.dynamic_mkinit import (dynamic_init,)
    from mkinit.static_mkinit import (autogen_init,)
    # </AUTOGEN_INIT>

Behavior Notes

The mkinit module is a simple way to execute a complex task. At times it may seem like magic, although I assure you it is not. To minimize perception of magic and maximize understanding of its behaviors, please consider the following:

• When discovering attributes of submodules mkinit will respect the __all__ attribute by default. In general it is good practice to specify this property; doing so will also avoid the following caveats.

• Static analysis currently only extracts top-level module attributes. However, if will also extract attributes defined on all non-error raising paths of conditional if-else or try-except statements.

• Static analysis currently does not look or account for the usage of the del operator. Again, these will be accounted for by dynamic analysis.

• In the case where no __init__.py file exists, the mkinit command line tool will create one.

• By default we ignore attributes that are marked as non-public by a leading underscore

TODO

• [ ] Give dynamic_init an options dict to maintain a compatible API with static_init.

• [ ] If an attribute would be defined twice, then don’t define it at all. Currently, it is defined, but its value is not well-defined.