python-graphblas 2023.10.0

Python library for GraphBLAS: high-performance sparse linear algebra for scalable graph analytics. For algorithms, see graphblas-algorithms.

• Documentation: https://python-graphblas.readthedocs.io/
  • FAQ: https://python-graphblas.readthedocs.io/en/stable/getting_started/faq.html
  • GraphBLAS C API: https://graphblas.org/docs/GraphBLAS_API_C_v2.0.0.pdf
  • SuiteSparse:GraphBLAS User Guide: https://github.com/DrTimothyAldenDavis/GraphBLAS/raw/stable/Doc/GraphBLAS_UserGuide.pdf
• Source: https://github.com/python-graphblas/python-graphblas
• Bug reports: https://github.com/python-graphblas/python-graphblas/issues
• Github discussions: https://github.com/python-graphblas/python-graphblas/discussions
• Weekly community call: python-graphblas#247 or https://scientific-python.org/calendars/
• Chat via Discord: https://discord.com/invite/vur45CbwMz in the #graphblas channel

Install

Install the latest version of Python-graphblas via conda:

$ conda install -c conda-forge python-graphblas

or pip:

$ pip install python-graphblas[default]

This will also install the SuiteSparse:GraphBLAS compiled C library. We currently support the GraphBLAS C API 2.0 specification.

Optional Dependencies

The following are not required by python-graphblas, but may be needed for certain functionality to work.

• pandas – required for nicer __repr__;
• matplotlib – required for basic plotting of graphs;
• scipy – used in io module to read/write scipy.sparse format;
• networkx – used in io module to interface with networkx graphs;
• fast-matrix-market - for faster read/write of Matrix Market files with gb.io.mmread and gb.io.mmwrite.

Description

Currently works with SuiteSparse:GraphBLAS, but the goal is to make it work with all implementations of the GraphBLAS spec.

The approach taken with this library is to follow the C-API 2.0 specification as closely as possible while making improvements allowed with the Python syntax. Because the spec always passes in the output object to be written to, we follow the same, which is very different from the way Python normally operates. In fact, many who are familiar with other Python data libraries (numpy, pandas, etc) will find it strange to not create new objects for every call.

At the highest level, the goal is to separate output, mask, and accumulator on the left side of the assignment operator = and put the computation on the right side. Unfortunately, that approach doesn't always work very well with how Python handles assignment, so instead we (ab)use the left-shift << notation to give the same flavor of assignment. This opens up all kinds of nice possibilities.

This is an example of how the mapping works:

// C call
GrB_Matrix_mxm(M, mask, GrB_PLUS_INT64, GrB_MIN_PLUS_INT64, A, B, NULL)

# Python call
M(mask.V, accum=binary.plus) << A.mxm(B, semiring.min_plus)

The expression on the right A.mxm(B) creates a delayed object which does no computation. Once it is used in the << expression with M, the whole thing is translated into the equivalent GraphBLAS call.

Delayed objects also have a .new() method which can be used to force computation and return a new object. This is convenient and often appropriate, but will create many unnecessary objects if used in a loop. It also loses the ability to perform accumulation with existing results. For best performance, following the standard GraphBLAS approach of (1) creating the object outside the loop and (2) using the object repeatedly within each loop is a much better approach, even if it doesn't feel very Pythonic.

Descriptor flags are set on the appropriate elements to keep logic close to what it affects. Here is the same call with descriptor bits set. ttcsr indicates transpose the first and second matrices, complement the structure of the mask, and do a replacement on the output.

// C call
GrB_Matrix_mxm(M, mask, GrB_PLUS_INT64, GrB_MIN_PLUS_INT64, A, B, desc.ttcsr)

# Python call
M(~mask.S, accum=binary.plus, replace=True) << A.T.mxm(B.T, semiring.min_plus)

The objects receiving the flag operations (A.T, ~mask, etc) are also delayed objects. They hold on to the state but do no computation, allowing the correct descriptor bits to be set in a single GraphBLAS call.

If no mask or accumulator is used, the call looks like this:

M << A.mxm(B, semiring.min_plus)

The use of << to indicate updating is actually just syntactic sugar for a real .update() method. The above expression could be written as:

M.update(A.mxm(B, semiring.min_plus))

Operations

M(mask, accum) << A.mxm(B, semiring)        # mxm
w(mask, accum) << A.mxv(v, semiring)        # mxv
w(mask, accum) << v.vxm(B, semiring)        # vxm
M(mask, accum) << A.ewise_add(B, binaryop)  # eWiseAdd
M(mask, accum) << A.ewise_mult(B, binaryop) # eWiseMult
M(mask, accum) << A.kronecker(B, binaryop)  # kronecker
M(mask, accum) << A.T                       # transpose

Extract

M(mask, accum) << A[rows, cols]             # rows and cols are a list or a slice
w(mask, accum) << A[rows, col_index]        # extract column
w(mask, accum) << A[row_index, cols]        # extract row
s = A[row_index, col_index].value           # extract single element

Assign

M(mask, accum)[rows, cols] << A             # rows and cols are a list or a slice
M(mask, accum)[rows, col_index] << v        # assign column
M(mask, accum)[row_index, cols] << v        # assign row
M(mask, accum)[rows, cols] << s             # assign scalar to many elements
M[row_index, col_index] << s                # assign scalar to single element
                                            # (mask and accum not allowed)
del M[row_index, col_index]                 # remove single element

Apply

M(mask, accum) << A.apply(unaryop)
M(mask, accum) << A.apply(binaryop, left=s)   # bind-first
M(mask, accum) << A.apply(binaryop, right=s)  # bind-second

Reduce

v(mask, accum) << A.reduce_rowwise(op)      # reduce row-wise
v(mask, accum) << A.reduce_columnwise(op)   # reduce column-wise
s(accum) << A.reduce_scalar(op)
s(accum) << v.reduce(op)

Creating new Vectors / Matrices

A = Matrix.new(dtype, num_rows, num_cols)   # new_type
B = A.dup()                                 # dup
A = Matrix.from_coo([row_indices], [col_indices], [values])  # build

New from delayed

Delayed objects can be used to create a new object using .new() method

C = A.mxm(B, semiring).new()

Properties

size = v.size                               # size
nrows = M.nrows                             # nrows
ncols = M.ncols                             # ncols
nvals = M.nvals                             # nvals
rindices, cindices, vals = M.to_coo()       # extractTuples

Initialization

There is a mechanism to initialize graphblas with a context prior to use. This allows for setting the backend to use as well as the blocking/non-blocking mode. If the context is not initialized, a default initialization will be performed automatically.

import graphblas as gb

# Context initialization must happen before any other imports
gb.init("suitesparse", blocking=True)

# Now we can import other items from graphblas
from graphblas import binary, semiring
from graphblas import Matrix, Vector, Scalar

Performant User Defined Functions

Python-graphblas requires numba which enables compiling user-defined Python functions to native C for use in GraphBLAS.

Example customized UnaryOp:

from graphblas import unary

def force_odd_func(x):
    if x % 2 == 0:
        return x + 1
    return x

unary.register_new("force_odd", force_odd_func)

v = Vector.from_coo([0, 1, 3], [1, 2, 3])
w = v.apply(unary.force_odd).new()
w  # indexes=[0, 1, 3], values=[1, 3, 3]

Similar methods exist for BinaryOp, Monoid, and Semiring.

Relation to other network analysis libraries

Python-graphblas aims to provide an efficient and consistent expression of graph operations using linear algebra. This allows the development of high-performance implementations of existing and new graph algorithms (also see graphblas-algorithms).

While end-to-end analysis can be done using python-graphblas, users might find that other libraries in the Python ecosystem provide a more convenient high-level interface for data pre-processing and transformation (e.g. pandas, scipy.sparse), visualization (e.g. networkx, igraph), interactive exploration and analysis (e.g. networkx, igraph) or for algorithms that are not (yet) implemented in graphblas-algorithms (e.g. networkx, igraph, scipy.sparse.csgraph). To facilitate communication with other libraries, graphblas.io contains multiple connectors, see the following section.

Import/Export connectors to the Python ecosystem

graphblas.io contains functions for converting to and from:

import graphblas as gb

# scipy.sparse matrices
A = gb.io.from_scipy_sparse(m)
m = gb.io.to_scipy_sparse(m, format="csr")

# networkx graphs
A = gb.io.from_networkx(g)
g = gb.io.to_networkx(A)

# numpy arrays can use `from_dense` and `to_dense` on Vector and Matrix
v = gb.Vector.from_dense(m)
m = v.to_dense()

A = gb.Matrix.from_dense(m, missing_value=0)
m = A.to_dense(fill_value=0)