Efficiently transfer large amounts of data to S3
Project description
S3AM, pronounced \ˈskrēm\, is a fast, parallel, streaming multipart uploader for S3. It efficiently streams content from any URL for which the locally installed libcurl and the remote server support byte range requests, for example file://, ftp:// (many servers) and http:// (some servers).
S3AM is intended to be used with large files, has been tested with 300GB files but imposes no inherent limit on the maximum file size. While it can be used to transfer small files, you may find that it performs worse than other utilities if the file size is below, say, 5MB.
S3AM supports encrypting the uploaded files with SSE-C.
S3AM can also copy objects between buckets and within a bucket, and do so without actually transferring any data between client and server. It supports the use of separate SSE-C encryption keys for source and destination of the copy operation so it can be used to efficiently re-encrypt an object.
S3AM uses the PyCurl bindings for libcurl and Python’s multiprocessing module to work around lock contention in the Python interpreter and to avoid potential thread-safety issues with libcurl.
Prerequisites
Python 2.7.x, libcurl and pip.
On Ubuntu the dependencies can be installed with
sudo apt-get install python-dev gcc make libcurl4-openssl-dev
Installation
It is recommended that you install S3AM into a virtualenv:
virtualenv ~/s3am && source ~/s3am/bin/activate pip install s3am
If you get No distributions matching the version for s3am or if you would like to install the latest unstable release, you may want to run pip install --pre s3am instead.
Optionally, add a symbolic link to the s3am command such that you don’t need to activate the virtualenv before using it:
mkdir -p ~/bin ln -s ~/s3am/bin/s3am ~/bin
Then append ~/bin to your PATH environment variable. I would tell you explicitly how to modify PATH but unfortunately this depends on various factors, e.g. which shell you are using and which operating system. On OS X, for example, you need to edit ~/.profile and append
export PATH="$HOME/bin:$PATH"
Configuration
Obtain an access and secret key for AWS. Create ~/.boto with the following contents:
[Credentials] aws_access_key_id = PASTE YOUR ACCESS KEY ID HERE aws_secret_access_key = PASTE YOUR SECRET ACCESS KEY HERE
Please note that while S3AM is designed to support credentials injected to an EC2 instance via instance profiles and IAM roles, this currently does not work reliably.
Usage
Run with --help to display usage information:
s3am --help
For example:
s3am upload \
ftp://ftp.1000genomes.ebi.ac.uk/vol1/ftp/data/NA12878/sequence_read/ERR001268.filt.fastq.gz \
bd2k-test-data
If an upload was interrupted you can resume it by running the command again with the --resume option. To cancel an unfinished upload, run s3am cancel. Be aware that incomplete multipart uploads do incur storage fees.
Optimization
By default S3AM concurrently transfers one part per core. This is a very conservative setting. Since S3AM is mostly IO-bound you should significantly oversubscribe cores, probably by a factor of at least 10. On a machine with 8 cores, for example, you should run S3AM with --download-slots 40 --upload-slots 40.
If you run S3AM on EC2, you will likely have more bandwidth to S3 than from the source server. In this case it might help to have more download than upload slots.
The default part size of 5MB is also very conservative. If the source has a high latency, you will want to increase that as it might take a while for the TCP window to grow to an optimal size. If the source is ftp:// there will be significantly more round-trips before the actual transfer starts than with http:// or http://. In either case you should probably increase the part size to at least 50MB.
Encryption
With SSE-C, the S3 server performs the actual encryption but the client provides the encryption key. This is more secure than plain SSE because with SSE-C the secret encryption key is not persisted on the server, it only exists there in memory for the duration of a request and is discarded afterwards. SSE-C also lets you make a bucket public and control access via the distribution of encryption keys.
Caveats
S3AM doesn’t support non-US buckets yet. See #12
S3AM uses a buffer per upload and download slot. The buffer will hold an entire part. This means that the lower bound of S3AM’s memory footprint is (download_slots + upload_slots) * part_size. The buffer is needed because S3 doesn’t support chunked transfer coding.
S3AM does not implement back-to-back checksumming. An MD5 is computed for every part uploaded to S3 but there is no code in place to compare the MD5 with the source side. I think S3 exposes the MD5 of all part MD5’s concatenated. So if we could get libcurl and the sending server to support the Content-MD5 HTTP header we could use that. But that would not be as strong a guarantee as verifying the MD5 over the file in its entirety.
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