Teloclip

A tool for the recovery of unassembled telomeres from soft-clipped read alignments.

Table of contents

• About Teloclip
• Options and Usage
  • Installation
  • Run with Gitpod
• Example Usage
  • Optional Quality Control
  • Extending contigs
  • Alternative use cases
• Options
  • Teloclip Options
  • Teloclip-extract Options
• Citing Teloclip
• Publications using Teloclip
• Issues
• License

About Teloclip

In most eukaryotic species, chromosomes terminate in repetitive telomeric sequences. A complete genome assembly should ideally comprise chromosome-level contigs that possess telomeric repeats at each end. However, genome assemblers frequently fail to recover these repetitive features, instead producing contigs that terminate immediately prior to their location.

Teloclip is designed to recover long-reads that can be used to extend draft contigs and resolve missing telomeres (short-read alignments may also be processed with teloclip). It does this by searching alignments of raw long-read data (i.e. Pacbio or ONT reads mapped with Minimap2) for 'clipped' alignments that occur at the ends of draft contigs. A 'clipped' alignment is produced where the end of a read is not part of its best alignment. This can occur when a read extends past the end of an assembled contig.

Information about segments of a read that were aligned or clipped are stored in SAM formatted alignments as a CIGAR string. Teloclip parses these strings to determine if a read has been clipped at one or both ends of a contig.

Optionally, teloclip can screen overhanging reads for telomere-associated motifs (i.e. 'TTAGGG' / 'CCCTAA') and report only those containing a match.

Teloclip is based on concepts from Torsten Seemann's excellent tool samclip. Samclip can be used to remove clipped alignments from a samfile prior to variant calling.

Options and Usage

Installation

Teloclip requires Python >= 3.8.

There are 4 options available for installing Teloclip locally:

1. Install from PyPi.
   This or Bioconda will get you the latest stable release.

pip install teloclip

2. Install from Bioconda.

conda install -c bioconda teloclip

3. Pip install directly from this git repository.
   This is the best way to ensure you have the latest development version.

pip install git+https://github.com/Adamtaranto/teloclip.git

4. Clone from this repository and install as a local Python package.
   Do this if you want to edit the code.

git clone https://github.com/Adamtaranto/teloclip.git && cd teloclip && pip install -e .

Verify installation

# Print version number and exit.
teloclip --version
# > teloclip 0.0.4

# Get usage information
teloclip --help

Run with Gitpod

Alternatively, launch a Gitpod Workspace with teloclip, samtools, and minimap2 pre-installed.

Example Usage

Basic use case:

First index the reference assembly

# Create index of reference fasta
samtools faidx ref.fa

Reading alignments from SAM file

# Read alignment input from sam file and write overhang-reads to stout
teloclip --ref ref.fa.fai in.sam

# Read alignment input from stdin and write stdout to file
teloclip --ref ref.fa.fai < in.sam > out.sam

Reading and writing BAM alignments

BAM files are binary sam files, they contain all the same information but take up much less storage space. You can use bam files with teloclip like this:

# Read alignments from bam file, pipe sam lines to teloclip, sort overhang-read alignments and wite to bam file
samtools view -h in.bam | teloclip --ref ref.fa.fai | samtools sort > out.bam

Streaming SAM records from aligner

# Map PacBio long-reads to ref assembly,
# return alignments clipped at contig ends, 
# write to sorted bam.
minimap2 -ax map-pb ref.fa pacbio_reads.fq.gz | teloclip --ref ref.fa.fai | samtools sort > out.bam 

# Map reads to reference, 
# Exclude non-primary alignments. 
# Return alignments clipped at contig ends,
# write to sorted bam.
minimap2 -ax map-pb ref.fa pacbio_reads.fq.gz | samtools view -h -F 0x100 | teloclip --ref ref.fa.fai | samtools sort > out.bam 

Report clipped alignments containing target motifs

# Report alignments which are clipped at a contig end
# AND contain >=1 copy of the telomeric repeat "TTAGGG" (or its reverse complement "CCCTAA") in the clipped region.
samtools view -h in.bam | teloclip --ref ref.fa.fai --motifs TTAGGG | samtools sort > out.bam 

# Report alignments which are clipped at a contig end
# AND contain >=1 copy of the telomeric repeat "TTAGGG" (or its reverse complement "CCCTAA") ANYWHERE in the read.
samtools view -h in.bam | teloclip --ref ref.fa.fai --motifs TTAGGG --matchAny | samtools sort > out.bam

# To change the minimum number of consecutive repeats required for a match, simply extend the search motif.
# In this example 3 TTAGGG are required for a positive match.
samtools view -h in.bam | teloclip --ref ref.fa.fai --motifs TTAGGGTTAGGGTTAGGG | samtools sort > out.bam 

Matching noisy target motifs

Raw long-reads can contain errors in the length of homopolymer tracks. If the --fuzzy option is set, motifs will be converted to regex patterns that allow the number of repeated bases to vary by +/- 1.
i.e. "TTAGGG" -> "T{1,3}AG{2,4}". This pattern will match TTAGG TTAGGGG TAGG TTTAGGG etc.

To reduce off target matching you can increase to minimum required number of motif matches with "--min_repeats".

# Compress homopolymers in query motifs and clipped regions to compensate for errors in raw PacBio or ONP data.
# i.e. The motif 'TTAGGGTTAGGG' becomes 'TAGTAG' and will match 'TTTTTAAAGGTTTAAGGG'.
samtools view -h in.bam | teloclip --ref ref.fa.fai --noPoly --motifs TTAGGGTTAGGG | samtools sort > out.bam

Extract clipped reads

teloclip-extract will write overhanging reads to separate fasta files for each reference contig end. The clipped region of each read is masked as lowercase in output fasta files.

Collections of reads that overhang a contig end can be assembled with miniasm into a single segment before being used to extend the contig. The final telemere-extended assembly should be polished (i.e. with Racon or Pilon) to correct errors in the raw long-read extensions.

# Find clipped alignments containing motif 'TTAGGG' and write reads to separate fasta files for each reference contig end.
samtools view -h in.bam | teloclip --ref ref.fa.fai --motifs TTAGGG | teloclip-extract --refIdx ref.fa.fai --extractReads --extractDir SplitOverhangs

Optional Quality Control

Additional filters

Users may wish to exclude reads below a minimum length or read quality score to reduce the risk of incorrect alignments.

In some cases it may be also be useful to prioritise primary alignments. This can be done by pre-filtering alignments with samtools view. You can decode sam flags here.

# Exclude secondary alignments.
samtools view -h -F 0x100 in.sam | teloclip --ref ref.fa.fai > noSA.sam 

Pre-corrected Data

Some assembly tools, such as Canu, preform pre-correction of long-reads through iterative overlapping and correction prior to assembly. Corrected reads are trimmed based on coverage to remove low-confidence ends.

This trimming step can result in loss of distal telomeric sequences and so these reads should NOT be used with Teloclip.

However, long-reads that have been error-corrected using Illumina data with tools such as LoRDEC or HALC should be fine.

Generally speaking, raw long-reads will be fine for extending your contigs. Any errors in the extended region can be corrected with a round of polishing with short-read data using Pilon.

Extending contigs

Before using terminal alignments identified by Teloclip to extend contigs you should inspect the alignments in a genome browser that displays information about clipped reads, such as IGV.

Check for conflicting soft-clipped sequences. These indicate non-specific read alignments. You may need to tighten your alignment criteria or manually remove low-confidence alignments.

After manually extending contigs the revised assembly should be re-polished using available long and short read data to correct indels present in the raw long-reads.

Finally, validate the updated assembly by re-mapping long-read data and checking for alignments that extend into revised contig ends.

Alternative use cases

Illumina data

Teloclip will also work fine with aligned short read data, which has a far lower error rate than single-molecule long-read data.

However, there are obvious limits to the distance that a contig may be extended with shorter reads.

Teloclip does not use information from paired-reads.

Merging existing assemblies

You may have assemblies for your genome generated with different assemblers/configurations or data types (i.e. Illumina, PacBio, ONT) which vary in their success in assembling individual telomeres.

These alternative assemblies can be treated as pseudo-long-reads and aligned to a reference using Minimap2.

Teloclip can identify aligned contigs that can be used to extend those in the reference set.

Be cautious of short contigs that may align to may repetative sub-telomeric regions and result non-specific extension of contigs.

Also beware of low-complexity telomeric regions on different chromosomes aligning to each other and resulting in end-to-end fusions.

# Align alternative assembly contigs to reference and report overhang alignments. Ignore secondary alignments.
minimap2 -ax asm5 ref.fa asm.fa | samtools view -h -F 0x100 | teloclip --ref ref.fa.fai | samtools sort > asm2ref.bam 

Circularising Mitochondrial / Bacterial genomes

Using default settings, teloclip will report alignments with clipped regions extending past linear contig ends.

Reads can be extracted from these alignments using circlator's bam2reads and re-aligned to an assembly graph in Bandage to help identify uncircularised contigs.

Options

Teloclip Options

Run teloclip --help to view the programs' most commonly used options:

Usage: teloclip [-h] [--version] --refIdx REFIDX [--minClip MINCLIP] [--maxBreak MAXBREAK]
                [--motifs MOTIFS] [--noRev NOREV] [--noPoly NOPOLY] [--matchAny MATCHANY]
                [samfile]

Required:
 --refIdx REFIDX       Path to fai index for reference fasta. Index fasta using `samtools faidx FASTA`

Positional arguments:
  samfile               Input SAM can be added as the first positional argument after flagged options. 
                          If not set teloclip will read from stdin.

Optional:
  --minClip            Require clip to extend past ref contig end by at least N bases.
                         Default: 1
  --maxBreak           Tolerate max N unaligned bases at contig ends. 
                         Default: 50
  --motifs             If set keep only reads containing given motif/s from a comma delimited list 
                         of strings. By default also search for reverse complement of motifs. 
                         i.e. TTAGGG,TTAAGGG will also match CCCTAA,CCCTTAA
                         Default: None
  --noRev              If set do NOT search for reverse complement of specified motifs. 
                         Default: Find motifs on both strands.
  --noPoly             If set collapse homopolymer tracks within motifs before searching overhangs.
                        i.e. "TTAGGGTTAGGGTTAGGGTTAGGGTTAGGG" -> "TAGTAGTAGTAGTAG".
                        Useful for PacBio or ONP long reads homopolymer length errors. Defaut: Off.            
  --matchAny           If set motif match may occur in unclipped region of alignment.
                         Defaut: False
  --version            Show program's version number and exit.

Teloclip-extract Options

Run teloclip-extract --help to view the programs' most commonly used options:

Usage: teloclip-extract [-h] --refIdx REFIDX [--prefix PREFIX]
                        [--extractReads] [--extractDir EXTRACTDIR]
                        [--minClip MINCLIP] [--maxBreak MAXBREAK] [--version]
                        [samfile]

positional arguments:
  samfile               If not set, will read sam from stdin.

optional arguments:
  -h, --help            Show this help message and exit
  --refIdx              Path to fai index for reference fasta. Index fasta
                        using `samtools faidx FASTA`
  --prefix              Use this prefix for output files. Default: None.
  --extractReads        If set, write overhang reads to fasta by contig.
  --extractDir
                        Write extracted reads to this directory. Default: cwd.
  --minClip             Require clip to extend past ref contig end by at least
                        N bases.
  --maxBreak            Tolerate max N unaligned bases at contig ends.
  --version             Show program's version number and exit

Citing Teloclip

If you use Teloclip in your work please cite this git repo directly and note the release version you used.

Publications using Teloclip

van Westerhoven, A., Mehrabi, R., Talebi, R., Steentjes, M., Corcolon, B., Chong, P., Kema, G. and Seidl, M.F., 2023. A chromosome-level genome assembly of Zasmidium syzygii isolated from banana leaves. bioRxiv, pp.2023-08.

Yang, H.P., Wenzel, M., Hauser, D.A., Nelson, J.M., Xu, X., Eliáš, M. and Li, F.W., 2021. Monodopsis and Vischeria genomes shed new light on the biology of eustigmatophyte algae. Genome biology and evolution, 13(11), p.evab233.

Issues

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License

Software provided under MIT license.