Virtual Python Environment builder
Project description
Status and License
virtualenv is a successor to workingenv, and an extension of virtual-python.
It was written by Ian Bicking, sponsored by the Open Planning Project and is now maintained by a group of developers. It is licensed under an MIT-style permissive license.
You can install it with pip install virtualenv, or the latest development version with pip install virtualenv==dev.
You can also use easy_install, or if you have no Python package manager available at all, you can just grab the single file virtualenv.py and run it with python virtualenv.py.
What It Does
virtualenv is a tool to create isolated Python environments.
The basic problem being addressed is one of dependencies and versions, and indirectly permissions. Imagine you have an application that needs version 1 of LibFoo, but another application requires version 2. How can you use both these applications? If you install everything into /usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages (or whatever your platform’s standard location is), it’s easy to end up in a situation where you unintentionally upgrade an application that shouldn’t be upgraded.
Or more generally, what if you want to install an application and leave it be? If an application works, any change in its libraries or the versions of those libraries can break the application.
Also, what if you can’t install packages into the global site-packages directory? For instance, on a shared host.
In all these cases, virtualenv can help you. It creates an environment that has its own installation directories, that doesn’t share libraries with other virtualenv environments (and optionally doesn’t access the globally installed libraries either).
The basic usage is:
$ python virtualenv.py ENV
If you install it you can also just do virtualenv ENV.
This creates ENV/lib/pythonX.X/site-packages, where any libraries you install will go. It also creates ENV/bin/python, which is a Python interpreter that uses this environment. Anytime you use that interpreter (including when a script has #!/path/to/ENV/bin/python in it) the libraries in that environment will be used.
It also installs either Setuptools or distribute into the environment. To use Distribute instead of setuptools, just call virtualenv like this:
$ python virtualenv.py --distribute ENV
You can also set the environment variable VIRTUALENV_USE_DISTRIBUTE.
A new virtualenv also includes the pip installer, so you can use ENV/bin/pip to install additional packages into the environment.
Environment variables and configuration files
virtualenv can not only be configured by passing command line options such as --distribute but also by two other means:
Environment variables
Each command line option is automatically used to look for environment variables with the name format VIRTUALENV_<UPPER_NAME>. That means the name of the command line options are capitalized and have dashes ('-') replaced with underscores ('_').
For example, to automatically install Distribute instead of setuptools you can also set an environment variable:
$ export VIRTUALENV_USE_DISTRIBUTE=true $ python virtualenv.py ENV
It’s the same as passing the option to virtualenv directly:
$ python virtualenv.py --distribute ENV
This also works for appending command line options, like --find-links. Just leave an empty space between the passsed values, e.g.:
$ export VIRTUALENV_EXTRA_SEARCH_DIR="/path/to/dists /path/to/other/dists" $ virtualenv ENV
is the same as calling:
$ python virtualenv.py --extra-search-dir=/path/to/dists --extra-search-dir=/path/to/other/dists ENV
Config files
virtualenv also looks for a standard ini config file. On Unix and Mac OS X that’s $HOME/.virtualenv/virtualenv.ini and on Windows, it’s %HOME%\\virtualenv\\virtualenv.ini.
The names of the settings are derived from the long command line option, e.g. the option --distribute would look like this:
[virtualenv] distribute = true
Appending options like --extra-search-dir can be written on multiple lines:
[virtualenv] extra-search-dir = /path/to/dists /path/to/other/dists
Please have a look at the output of virtualenv --help for a full list of supported options.
Windows Notes
Some paths within the virtualenv are slightly different on Windows: scripts and executables on Windows go in ENV\Scripts\ instead of ENV/bin/ and libraries go in ENV\Lib\ rather than ENV/lib/.
To create a virtualenv under a path with spaces in it on Windows, you’ll need the win32api library installed.
PyPy Support
Beginning with virtualenv version 1.5 PyPy is supported. To use PyPy 1.4 or 1.4.1, you need a version of virtualenv >= 1.5. To use PyPy 1.5, you need a version of virtualenv >= 1.6.1.
Creating Your Own Bootstrap Scripts
While this creates an environment, it doesn’t put anything into the environment. Developers may find it useful to distribute a script that sets up a particular environment, for example a script that installs a particular web application.
To create a script like this, call virtualenv.create_bootstrap_script(extra_text), and write the result to your new bootstrapping script. Here’s the documentation from the docstring:
Creates a bootstrap script, which is like this script but with extend_parser, adjust_options, and after_install hooks.
This returns a string that (written to disk of course) can be used as a bootstrap script with your own customizations. The script will be the standard virtualenv.py script, with your extra text added (your extra text should be Python code).
If you include these functions, they will be called:
- extend_parser(optparse_parser):
You can add or remove options from the parser here.
- adjust_options(options, args):
You can change options here, or change the args (if you accept different kinds of arguments, be sure you modify args so it is only [DEST_DIR]).
after_install(options, home_dir):
After everything is installed, this function is called. This is probably the function you are most likely to use. An example would be:
def after_install(options, home_dir): if sys.platform == 'win32': bin = 'Scripts' else: bin = 'bin' subprocess.call([join(home_dir, bin, 'easy_install'), 'MyPackage']) subprocess.call([join(home_dir, bin, 'my-package-script'), 'setup', home_dir])This example immediately installs a package, and runs a setup script from that package.
Bootstrap Example
Here’s a more concrete example of how you could use this:
import virtualenv, textwrap
output = virtualenv.create_bootstrap_script(textwrap.dedent("""
import os, subprocess
def after_install(options, home_dir):
etc = join(home_dir, 'etc')
if not os.path.exists(etc):
os.makedirs(etc)
subprocess.call([join(home_dir, 'bin', 'easy_install'),
'BlogApplication'])
subprocess.call([join(home_dir, 'bin', 'paster'),
'make-config', 'BlogApplication',
join(etc, 'blog.ini')])
subprocess.call([join(home_dir, 'bin', 'paster'),
'setup-app', join(etc, 'blog.ini')])
"""))
f = open('blog-bootstrap.py', 'w').write(output)
Another example is available here.
activate script
In a newly created virtualenv there will be a bin/activate shell script, or a Scripts/activate.bat batch file on Windows.
On Posix systems you can do:
$ source bin/activate
This will change your $PATH to point to the virtualenv’s bin/ directory. (You have to use source because it changes your shell environment in-place.) This is all it does; it’s purely a convenience. If you directly run a script or the python interpreter from the virtualenv’s bin/ directory (e.g. path/to/env/bin/pip or /path/to/env/bin/python script.py) there’s no need for activation.
After activating an environment you can use the function deactivate to undo the changes to your $PATH.
The activate script will also modify your shell prompt to indicate which environment is currently active. You can disable this behavior, which can be useful if you have your own custom prompt that already displays the active environment name. To do so, set the VIRTUAL_ENV_DISABLE_PROMPT environment variable to any non-empty value before running the activate script.
On Windows you just do:
> \path\to\env\Scripts\activate.bat
And use deactivate.bat to undo the changes.
The --system-site-packages Option
If you build with virtualenv --system-site-packages ENV, your virtual environment will inherit packages from /usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages (or wherever your global site-packages directory is).
This can be used if you have control over the global site-packages directory, and you want to depend on the packages there. If you want isolation from the global system, do not use this flag.
Using Virtualenv without bin/python
Sometimes you can’t or don’t want to use the Python interpreter created by the virtualenv. For instance, in a mod_python or mod_wsgi environment, there is only one interpreter.
Luckily, it’s easy. You must use the custom Python interpreter to install libraries. But to use libraries, you just have to be sure the path is correct. A script is available to correct the path. You can setup the environment like:
activate_this = '/path/to/env/bin/activate_this.py' execfile(activate_this, dict(__file__=activate_this))
This will change sys.path and even change sys.prefix, but also allow you to use an existing interpreter. Items in your environment will show up first on sys.path, before global items. However, global items will always be accessible (as if the --system-site-packages flag had been used in creating the environment, whether it was or not). Also, this cannot undo the activation of other environments, or modules that have been imported. You shouldn’t try to, for instance, activate an environment before a web request; you should activate one environment as early as possible, and not do it again in that process.
Making Environments Relocatable
Note: this option is somewhat experimental, and there are probably caveats that have not yet been identified. Also this does not currently work on Windows.
Normally environments are tied to a specific path. That means that you cannot move an environment around or copy it to another computer. You can fix up an environment to make it relocatable with the command:
$ virtualenv --relocatable ENV
This will make some of the files created by setuptools or distribute use relative paths, and will change all the scripts to use activate_this.py instead of using the location of the Python interpreter to select the environment.
Note: you must run this after you’ve installed any packages into the environment. If you make an environment relocatable, then install a new package, you must run virtualenv --relocatable again.
Also, this does not make your packages cross-platform. You can move the directory around, but it can only be used on other similar computers. Some known environmental differences that can cause incompatibilities: a different version of Python, when one platform uses UCS2 for its internal unicode representation and another uses UCS4 (a compile-time option), obvious platform changes like Windows vs. Linux, or Intel vs. ARM, and if you have libraries that bind to C libraries on the system, if those C libraries are located somewhere different (either different versions, or a different filesystem layout).
If you use this flag to create an environment, currently, the --system-site-packages option will be implied.
The --extra-search-dir Option
When it creates a new environment, virtualenv installs either setuptools or distribute, and pip. In normal operation, the latest releases of these packages are fetched from the Python Package Index (PyPI). In some circumstances, this behavior may not be wanted, for example if you are using virtualenv during a deployment and do not want to depend on Internet access and PyPI availability.
As an alternative, you can provide your own versions of setuptools, distribute and/or pip on the filesystem, and tell virtualenv to use those distributions instead of downloading them from the Internet. To use this feature, pass one or more --extra-search-dir options to virtualenv like this:
$ virtualenv --extra-search-dir=/path/to/distributions ENV
The /path/to/distributions path should point to a directory that contains setuptools, distribute and/or pip distributions. Setuptools distributions must be .egg files; distribute and pip distributions should be .tar.gz source distributions.
Virtualenv will still download these packages if no satisfactory local distributions are found.
If you are really concerned about virtualenv fetching these packages from the Internet and want to ensure that it never will, you can also provide an option --never-download like so:
$ virtualenv --extra-search-dir=/path/to/distributions --never-download ENV
If this option is provided, virtualenv will never try to download setuptools/distribute or pip. Instead, it will exit with status code 1 if it fails to find local distributions for any of these required packages.
Compare & Contrast with Alternatives
There are several alternatives that create isolated environments:
workingenv (which I do not suggest you use anymore) is the predecessor to this library. It used the main Python interpreter, but relied on setting $PYTHONPATH to activate the environment. This causes problems when running Python scripts that aren’t part of the environment (e.g., a globally installed hg or bzr). It also conflicted a lot with Setuptools.
virtual-python is also a predecessor to this library. It uses only symlinks, so it couldn’t work on Windows. It also symlinks over the entire standard library and global site-packages. As a result, it won’t see new additions to the global site-packages.
This script only symlinks a small portion of the standard library into the environment, and so on Windows it is feasible to simply copy these files over. Also, it creates a new/empty site-packages and also adds the global site-packages to the path, so updates are tracked separately. This script also installs Setuptools automatically, saving a step and avoiding the need for network access.
zc.buildout doesn’t create an isolated Python environment in the same style, but achieves similar results through a declarative config file that sets up scripts with very particular packages. As a declarative system, it is somewhat easier to repeat and manage, but more difficult to experiment with. zc.buildout includes the ability to setup non-Python systems (e.g., a database server or an Apache instance).
I strongly recommend anyone doing application development or deployment use one of these tools.
Contributing
Refer to the contributing to pip documentation - it applies equally to virtualenv.
Virtualenv’s release schedule is tied to pip’s – each time there’s a new pip release, there will be a new virtualenv release that bundles the new version of pip.
Running the tests
Virtualenv’s test suite is small and not yet at all comprehensive, but we aim to grow it.
The easy way to run tests (handles test dependencies automatically):
$ python setup.py test
If you want to run only a selection of the tests, you’ll need to run them directly with nose instead. Create a virtualenv, and install required packages:
$ pip install nose mock
Run nosetests:
$ nosetests
Or select just a single test file to run:
$ nosetests tests.test_virtualenv
Other Documentation and Links
James Gardner has written a tutorial on using virtualenv with Pylons.
Doug Hellmann wrote a description of his command-line work flow using virtualenv (virtualenvwrapper) including some handy scripts to make working with multiple environments easier. He also wrote an example of using virtualenv to try IPython.
Chris Perkins created a showmedo video including virtualenv.
virtualenv commands for some more workflow-related tools around virtualenv.
Changes & News
1.7 (2011-11-30)
Updated embedded Distribute release to 0.6.24. Thanks Alex Grönholm.
Made --no-site-packages behavior the default behavior. The --no-site-packages flag is still permitted, but displays a warning when used. Thanks Chris McDonough.
New flag: --system-site-packages; this flag should be passed to get the previous default global-site-package-including behavior back.
Added ability to set command options as environment variables and options in a virtualenv.ini file.
Fixed various encoding related issues with paths. Thanks Gunnlaugur Thor Briem.
Made virtualenv.py script executable.
1.6.4 (2011-07-21)
Restored ability to run on Python 2.4, too.
1.6.3 (2011-07-16)
Restored ability to run on Python < 2.7.
1.6.2 (2011-07-16)
Updated embedded distribute release to 0.6.19.
Updated embedded pip release to 1.0.2.
Fixed #141 - Be smarter about finding pkg_resources when using the non-default Python intepreter (by using the -p option).
Fixed #112 - Fixed path in docs.
Fixed #109 - Corrected doctests of a Logger method.
Fixed #118 - Fixed creating virtualenvs on platforms that use the “posix_local” install scheme, such as Ubuntu with Python 2.7.
Add missing library to Python 3 virtualenvs (_dummy_thread).
1.6.1 (2011-04-30)
Start to use git-flow.
Added support for PyPy 1.5
Fixed #121 – added sanity-checking of the -p argument. Thanks Paul Nasrat.
Added progress meter for pip installation as well as setuptools. Thanks Ethan Jucovy.
Added –never-download and –search-dir options. Thanks Ethan Jucovy.
1.6
Added Python 3 support! Huge thanks to Vinay Sajip and Vitaly Babiy.
Fixed creation of virtualenvs on Mac OS X when standard library modules (readline) are installed outside the standard library.
Updated bundled pip to 1.0.
1.5.2
Moved main repository to Github: https://github.com/pypa/virtualenv
Transferred primary maintenance from Ian to Jannis Leidel, Carl Meyer and Brian Rosner
Fixed a few more pypy related bugs.
Updated bundled pip to 0.8.2.
Handed project over to new team of maintainers.
Moved virtualenv to Github at https://github.com/pypa/virtualenv
1.5.1
Added _weakrefset requirement for Python 2.7.1.
Fixed Windows regression in 1.5
1.5
Include pip 0.8.1.
Add support for PyPy.
Uses a proper temporary dir when installing environment requirements.
Add --prompt option to be able to override the default prompt prefix.
Fix an issue with --relocatable on Windows.
Fix issue with installing the wrong version of distribute.
Add fish and csh activate scripts.
1.4.9
Include pip 0.7.2
1.4.8
Fix for Mac OS X Framework builds that use --universal-archs=intel
Fix activate_this.py on Windows.
Allow $PYTHONHOME to be set, so long as you use source bin/activate it will get unset; if you leave it set and do not activate the environment it will still break the environment.
Include pip 0.7.1
1.4.7
Include pip 0.7
1.4.6
Allow activate.sh to skip updating the prompt (by setting $VIRTUAL_ENV_DISABLE_PROMPT).
1.4.5
Include pip 0.6.3
Fix activate.bat and deactivate.bat under Windows when PATH contained a parenthesis
1.4.4
Include pip 0.6.2 and Distribute 0.6.10
Create the virtualenv script even when Setuptools isn’t installed
Fix problem with virtualenv --relocate when bin/ has subdirectories (e.g., bin/.svn/); from Alan Franzoni.
If you set $VIRTUALENV_USE_DISTRIBUTE then virtualenv will use Distribute by default (so you don’t have to remember to use --distribute).
1.4.3
Include pip 0.6.1
1.4.2
Fix pip installation on Windows
Fix use of stand-alone virtualenv.py (and boot scripts)
Exclude ~/.local (user site-packages) from environments when using --no-site-packages
1.4.1
Include pip 0.6
1.4
Updated setuptools to 0.6c11
Added the –distribute option
Fixed packaging problem of support-files
1.3.4
Virtualenv now copies the actual embedded Python binary on Mac OS X to fix a hang on Snow Leopard (10.6).
Fail more gracefully on Windows when win32api is not installed.
Fix site-packages taking precedent over Jython’s __classpath__ and also specially handle the new __pyclasspath__ entry in sys.path.
Now copies Jython’s registry file to the virtualenv if it exists.
Better find libraries when compiling extensions on Windows.
Create Scripts\pythonw.exe on Windows.
Added support for the Debian/Ubuntu /usr/lib/pythonX.Y/dist-packages directory.
Set distutils.sysconfig.get_config_vars()['LIBDIR'] (based on sys.real_prefix) which is reported to help building on Windows.
Make deactivate work on ksh
Fixes for --python: make it work with --relocatable and the symlink created to the exact Python version.
1.3.3
Use Windows newlines in activate.bat, which has been reported to help when using non-ASCII directory names.
Fixed compatibility with Jython 2.5b1.
Added a function virtualenv.install_python for more fine-grained access to what virtualenv.create_environment does.
Fix a problem with Windows and paths that contain spaces.
If /path/to/env/.pydistutils.cfg exists (or /path/to/env/pydistutils.cfg on Windows systems) then ignore ~/.pydistutils.cfg and use that other file instead.
Fix ` a problem <https://bugs.launchpad.net/virtualenv/+bug/340050>`_ picking up some .so libraries in /usr/local.
1.3.2
Remove the [install] prefix = ... setting from the virtualenv distutils.cfg – this has been causing problems for a lot of people, in rather obscure ways.
If you use a boot script it will attempt to import virtualenv and find a pre-downloaded Setuptools egg using that.
Added platform-specific paths, like /usr/lib/pythonX.Y/plat-linux2
1.3.1
Real Python 2.6 compatibility. Backported the Python 2.6 updates to site.py, including user directories (this means older versions of Python will support user directories, whether intended or not).
Always set [install] prefix in distutils.cfg – previously on some platforms where a system-wide distutils.cfg was present with a prefix setting, packages would be installed globally (usually in /usr/local/lib/pythonX.Y/site-packages).
Sometimes Cygwin seems to leave .exe off sys.executable; a workaround is added.
Fix --python option.
Fixed handling of Jython environments that use a jython-complete.jar.
1.3
Update to Setuptools 0.6c9
Added an option virtualenv --relocatable EXISTING_ENV, which will make an existing environment “relocatable” – the paths will not be absolute in scripts, .egg-info and .pth files. This may assist in building environments that can be moved and copied. You have to run this after any new packages installed.
Added bin/activate_this.py, a file you can use like execfile("path_to/activate_this.py", dict(__file__="path_to/activate_this.py")) – this will activate the environment in place, similar to what the mod_wsgi example does.
For Mac framework builds of Python, the site-packages directory /Library/Python/X.Y/site-packages is added to sys.path, from Andrea Rech.
Some platform-specific modules in Macs are added to the path now (plat-darwin/, plat-mac/, plat-mac/lib-scriptpackages), from Andrea Rech.
Fixed a small Bashism in the bin/activate shell script.
Added __future__ to the list of required modules, for Python 2.3. You’ll still need to backport your own subprocess module.
Fixed the __classpath__ entry in Jython’s sys.path taking precedent over virtualenv’s libs.
1.2
Added a --python option to select the Python interpreter.
Add warnings to the modules copied over, for Python 2.6 support.
Add sets to the module copied over for Python 2.3 (though Python 2.3 still probably doesn’t work).
1.1.1
Added support for Jython 2.5.
1.1
Added support for Python 2.6.
Fix a problem with missing DLLs/zlib.pyd on Windows. Create
bin/python (or bin/python.exe) even when you run virtualenv with an interpreter named, e.g., python2.4
Fix MacPorts Python
Added –unzip-setuptools option
Update to Setuptools 0.6c8
If the current directory is not writable, run ez_setup.py in /tmp
Copy or symlink over the include directory so that packages will more consistently compile.
1.0
Fix build on systems that use /usr/lib64, distinct from /usr/lib (specifically CentOS x64).
Fixed bug in --clear.
Fixed typos in deactivate.bat.
Preserve $PYTHONPATH when calling subprocesses.
0.9.2
Fix include dir copying on Windows (makes compiling possible).
Include the main lib-tk in the path.
Patch distutils.sysconfig: get_python_inc and get_python_lib to point to the global locations.
Install distutils.cfg before Setuptools, so that system customizations of distutils.cfg won’t effect the installation.
Add bin/pythonX.Y to the virtualenv (in addition to bin/python).
Fixed an issue with Mac Framework Python builds, and absolute paths (from Ronald Oussoren).
0.9.1
Improve ability to create a virtualenv from inside a virtualenv.
Fix a little bug in bin/activate.
Actually get distutils.cfg to work reliably.
0.9
Added lib-dynload and config to things that need to be copied over in an environment.
Copy over or symlink the include directory, so that you can build packages that need the C headers.
Include a distutils package, so you can locally update distutils.cfg (in lib/pythonX.Y/distutils/distutils.cfg).
Better avoid downloading Setuptools, and hitting PyPI on environment creation.
Fix a problem creating a lib64/ directory.
Should work on MacOSX Framework builds (the default Python installations on Mac). Thanks to Ronald Oussoren.
0.8.4
Windows installs would sometimes give errors about sys.prefix that were inaccurate.
Slightly prettier output.
0.8.3
Added support for Windows.
0.8.2
Give a better warning if you are on an unsupported platform (Mac Framework Pythons, and Windows).
Give error about running while inside a workingenv.
Give better error message about Python 2.3.
0.8.1
Fixed packaging of the library.
0.8
Initial release. Everything is changed and new!
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