websockify 0.8.0

## websockify: WebSockets support for any application/server

websockify was formerly named wsproxy and was part of the
[noVNC](https://github.com/kanaka/noVNC) project.

At the most basic level, websockify just translates WebSockets traffic
to normal socket traffic. Websockify accepts the WebSockets handshake,
parses it, and then begins forwarding traffic between the client and
the target in both directions.

### News/help/contact

Notable commits, announcements and news are posted to
<a href="http://www.twitter.com/noVNC">@noVNC</a>

If you are a websockify developer/integrator/user (or want to be)
please join the <a
href="https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups#!forum/novnc">noVNC/websockify
discussion group</a>

Bugs and feature requests can be submitted via [github
issues](https://github.com/kanaka/websockify/issues).

If you want to show appreciation for websockify you could donate to a great
non-profits such as: [Compassion
International](http://www.compassion.com/), [SIL](http://www.sil.org),
[Habitat for Humanity](http://www.habitat.org), [Electronic Frontier
Foundation](https://www.eff.org/), [Against Malaria
Foundation](http://www.againstmalaria.com/), [Nothing But
Nets](http://www.nothingbutnets.net/), etc. Please tweet <a
href="http://www.twitter.com/noVNC">@noVNC</a> if you do.

### WebSockets binary data

Starting with websockify 0.5.0, only the HyBi / IETF
6455 WebSocket protocol is supported.

Websockify negotiates whether to base64 encode traffic to and from the
client via the subprotocol header (Sec-WebSocket-Protocol). The valid
subprotocol values are 'binary' and 'base64' and if the client sends
both then the server (the python implementation) will prefer 'binary'.
The 'binary' subprotocol indicates that the data will be sent raw
using binary WebSocket frames. Some HyBi clients (such as the Flash
fallback and older Chrome and iOS versions) do not support binary data
which is why the negotiation is necessary.


### Encrypted WebSocket connections (wss://)

To encrypt the traffic using the WebSocket 'wss://' URI scheme you need to
generate a certificate and key for Websockify to load. By default, Websockify
loads a certificate file name `self.pem` but the `--cert=CERT` and `--key=KEY`
options can override the file name. You can generate a self-signed certificate
using openssl. When asked for the common name, use the hostname of the server
where the proxy will be running:

```
openssl req -new -x509 -days 365 -nodes -out self.pem -keyout self.pem
```

For a self-signed certificate to work, you need to make your client/browser
understand it. You can do this by installing it as accepted certificate, or by
using that same certificate for a HTTPS connection to which you navigate first
and approve. Browsers generally don't give you the "trust certificate?" prompt
by opening a WSS socket with invalid certificate, hence you need to have it
acccept it by either of those two methods.

If you have a commercial/valid SSL certificate with one ore more intermediate
certificates, concat them into one file, server certificate first, then the
intermediate(s) from the CA, etc. Point to this file with the `--cert` option
and then also to the key with `--key`. Finally, use `--ssl-only` as needed.


### Websock Javascript library


The `include/websock.js` Javascript library library provides a Websock
object that is similar to the standard WebSocket object but Websock
enables communication with raw TCP sockets (i.e. the binary stream)
via websockify. This is accomplished by base64 encoding the data
stream between Websock and websockify.

Websock has built-in receive queue buffering; the message event
does not contain actual data but is simply a notification that
there is new data available. Several rQ* methods are available to
read binary data off of the receive queue.

The Websock API is documented on the [websock.js API wiki page](https://github.com/kanaka/websockify/wiki/websock.js)

See the "Wrap a Program" section below for an example of using Websock
and websockify as a browser telnet client (`wstelnet.html`).


### Additional websockify features

These are not necessary for the basic operation.

* Daemonizing: When the `-D` option is specified, websockify runs
in the background as a daemon process.

* SSL (the wss:// WebSockets URI): This is detected automatically by
websockify by sniffing the first byte sent from the client and then
wrapping the socket if the data starts with '\x16' or '\x80'
(indicating SSL).

* Flash security policy: websockify detects flash security policy
requests (again by sniffing the first packet) and answers with an
appropriate flash security policy response (and then closes the
port). This means no separate flash security policy server is needed
for supporting the flash WebSockets fallback emulator.

* Session recording: This feature that allows recording of the traffic
sent and received from the client to a file using the `--record`
option.

* Mini-webserver: websockify can detect and respond to normal web
requests on the same port as the WebSockets proxy and Flash security
policy. This functionality is activated with the `--web DIR` option
where DIR is the root of the web directory to serve.

* Wrap a program: see the "Wrap a Program" section below.

* Log files: websockify can save all logging information in a file.
This functionality is activated with the `--log-file FILE` option
where FILE is the file where the logs should be saved.

### Implementations of websockify

The primary implementation of websockify is in python. There are
several alternate implementations in other languages (C, Node.js,
Clojure, Ruby) in the `other/` subdirectory (with varying levels of
functionality).

In addition there are several other external projects that implement
the websockify "protocol". See the alternate implementation [Feature
Matrix](https://github.com/kanaka/websockify/wiki/Feature_Matrix) for
more information.


### Wrap a Program

In addition to proxying from a source address to a target address
(which may be on a different system), websockify has the ability to
launch a program on the local system and proxy WebSockets traffic to
a normal TCP port owned/bound by the program.

The is accomplished with a small LD_PRELOAD library (`rebind.so`)
which intercepts bind() system calls by the program. The specified
port is moved to a new localhost/loopback free high port. websockify
then proxies WebSockets traffic directed to the original port to the
new (moved) port of the program.

The program wrap mode is invoked by replacing the target with `--`
followed by the program command line to wrap.

`./run 2023 -- PROGRAM ARGS`

The `--wrap-mode` option can be used to indicate what action to take
when the wrapped program exits or daemonizes.

Here is an example of using websockify to wrap the vncserver command
(which backgrounds itself) for use with
[noVNC](https://github.com/kanaka/noVNC):

`./run 5901 --wrap-mode=ignore -- vncserver -geometry 1024x768 :1`

Here is an example of wrapping telnetd (from krb5-telnetd). telnetd
exits after the connection closes so the wrap mode is set to respawn
the command:

`sudo ./run 2023 --wrap-mode=respawn -- telnetd -debug 2023`

The `wstelnet.html` page demonstrates a simple WebSockets based telnet
client (use 'localhost' and '2023' for the host and port
respectively).


### Building the Python ssl module (for python 2.5 and older)

* Install the build dependencies. On Ubuntu use this command:

`sudo aptitude install python-dev bluetooth-dev`

* At the top level of the websockify repostory, download, build and
symlink the ssl module:

`wget --no-check-certificate http://pypi.python.org/packages/source/s/ssl/ssl-1.15.tar.gz`

`tar xvzf ssl-1.15.tar.gz`

`cd ssl-1.15`

`make`

`cd ../`

`ln -sf ssl-1.15/build/lib.linux-*/ssl ssl`


Changes
=======

0.8.0
-----

* Make websockify properly terminate children on SIGTERM (#226)
* Remove logging in signal handlers (this can cause Python to hang under certain conditions) (#219)
* Make it easier to log to a file (#205)
* Add support for IPv6 addresses in tokens in the TokenFile token plugins (#197)
* Improve auth plugin framework to enable better support for HTTP auth (#194, #201)
* Fix bug in JSONTokenAPI token plugin (#192)
* Fix a missing variable in the exception handler (#178)

0.7.0
-----

* Python 3 support fixes (#140, #155, #159)
* Generic token-parsing plugins support (#162)
* Generic authentication plugins support (#172)
* Fixed frame corruption on big-endian systems (#161)
* Support heartbeats (via PING) and automatic responses to PONG (#169)
* Automatically reject unmasked client frames by default (strict mode) (#174)
* Automatically restart interrupted select calls (#175)
* Make 'run' respect environment settings (including virtualenv) (#176)

0.6.1 - May 11, 2015
--------------------

* **PATCH RELEASE**: Fixes a bug causing file_only to not be passed properly

0.6.0 - Feb 18, 2014
--------------------

* **NOTE** : 0.6.0 will break existing code that sub-classes WebsocketProxy
* Refactor to use standard SocketServer RequestHandler design
* Fix zombie process bug on certain systems when using multiprocessing
* Add better unit tests
* Log information via python `logging` module

0.5.1 - Jun 27, 2013
--------------------

* use upstream einaros/ws (>=0.4.27) with websockify.js
* file_only and no_parent security options for WSRequestHandler
* Update build of web-socket-js (c0855c6cae)
* add include/web-socket-js-project submodule to gimite/web-socket-js
for DSFG compliance.
* drop Hixie protocol support

0.4.1 - Mar 12, 2013
--------------------

* ***NOTE*** : 0.5.0 will drop Hixie protocol support
* add include/ directory and remove some dev files from source
distribution.

0.4.0 - Mar 12, 2013
--------------------

* ***NOTE*** : 0.5.0 will drop Hixie protocol support
* use Buffer base64 support in Node.js implementation

0.3.0 - Jan 15, 2013
--------------------

* refactor into modules: websocket, websocketproxy
* switch to web-socket-js that uses IETF 6455
* change to MPL 2.0 license for include/*.js
* fix session recording

0.2.1 - Oct 15, 2012
--------------------

* re-released with updated version number

0.2.0 - Sep 17, 2012
--------------------

* Binary data support in websock.js
* Target config file/dir and multiple targets with token selector
* IPv6 fixes
* SSL target support
* Proxy to/from unix socket


0.1.0 - May 11, 2012
--------------------

* Initial versioned release.