A SQLAlchemy wrapper for Zope
Project description
What is z3c.sqlalchemy?
z3c.sqlalchemy is yet another wrapper around SQLAlchemy. The functionality of the wrapper is basically focused on easy integration with Zope. The wrapper cares about connection handling, optional transaction integration with Zope and wrapper management (caching, introspection). z3c.sqlalchemy gives you flexible control over the mapper creation. Mapper classes can be
auto-generated (with or without autodetection of table relationships)
configured by the developer
What z3c.sqlalchemy does not do and won’t do:
no support for Zope 3 schemas
no support for Archetypes schemas
z3c.sqlachemy just tries to provide you with the basic functionalities you need to write SQLAlchemy-based applications with Zope. Higher-level functionalities like integration with Archetypes/Zope 3 schemas are subject to higher-level frameworks. z3c.sqlalchemy does not address these frameworks.
Requirements:
Zope 5 or higher
SQLAlchemy 1.4 or higher
zope.sqlalchemy 1.2.0 or higher
Python 3.7 or higher
Installation:
Using pip:
pip install z3c.sqlalchemy
Note:
z3c.sqlalchemy depends on the modules zope.component, zope.schema and zope.interface. If you are using z3c.sqlalchemy in a Python-only environment, ensure the these components have to be installed either as eggs or by setting the PYTHONPATH to a corresponding Zope installation.
Usage
Basic usage:
from z3c.sqlalchemy import createSAWrapper
wrapper = createSAWrapper('postgres://postgres:postgres@host/someDB')
session = wrapper.session
FormatMapper = wrapper.getMapper('format') # auto-generated mapper for table 'format'
for row in session.query(FormatMapper).select(...): print row
session.flush() # if necessary
The session will participate automatically in a Zope transaction. The wrapper will call automatically session.flush() upon a transaction commit. Please note that ‘wrapper.session’ will always return the same session instance within the same transaction and same thread.
For a real-world application you don’t want to create a new wrapper for every new request. Instead you want to register a wrapper instance as named utility (ISQLAlchemyWrapper) and lookup up the wrapper (the utility!) by name from within your application. This approach is very similiar to looking up an databases adapter or a ZSQL method through acquisition.
By default “wrapper.getMapper(name)” will always auto-generate a new mapper class by using SQLAlchemy auto-load feature. The drawback of this approach is that the mapper class does not know about relationships to other tables. Assume we have a one-to-many relationship between table A and B and you want z3c.sqlalchemy to generate a mapper that is aware of this relationship. For this purpose you can create a wrapper with a “model” as optional parameter. A model is basically a configuration or a series of hints in order to tell z3c.sqlalchemy how mappers a generated.
Example:
from z3c.sqlalchemy import createSAWrapper, Model
model = Model()
model.add(name='A', relations=('B',))
wrapper = createSAWrapper('postgres://postgres:postgres@host/someDB', model=model)
AMapper= wrapper.getMapper('A')
This will generate a mapper AMapper where all instances of AMapper have a property ‘B’ that relates to all corresponding rows in B (see the SQLAlchemy documentation on mappers, properties and relation()). In this example you define the relationship between A and B explictly through the ‘relations’ parameter (as a sequence of related table names).
z3c.sqlalchemy also supports the auto-detection of relationships between tables. Unfortunately SQLAlchemy does not support this feature out-of-the-box and in a portable way. Therefore this feature of z3c.sqlalchemy is highly experimental and currently only available for Postgres (tested with Postgres 8.X).:
from z3c.sqlalchemy import createSAWrapper, Model
model = Model()
model.add(name='A', autodetect_relations=True)
wrapper = createSAWrapper('postgres://postgres:postgres@host/someDB', model=model)
AMapper= wrapper.getMapper('A')
In this case z3c.sqlalchemy will scan all tables in order to detect relationships automatically and build the mapper class and its properties according to the found relationships. Warning: this feature is experimental and it might take some time to scan all tables before the first request. Currently only Postgres tables in the ‘public’ schema are supported).
In same cases you might be interested to use your own base classes for a generated mapper. Also this usecase is supported by passing the base class to the model using the ‘mapper_class’ parameter:
from z3c.sqlalchemy import createSAWrapper, Model
from z3c.sqlalchemy.mapper import MappedClassBase
class MyAMapper(MappedClassBase): pass
model = Model()
model.add(name='A', relations=('B',) mapper_class = MyAMapper)
wrapper = createSAWrapper('postgres://postgres:postgres@host/someDB', model=model)
AMapper= wrapper.getMapper('A') # AMapper will be an instance of MyAMapper
When you are working with wrapper in a Zope environment you are usually interested to to register a wrapper instance as named utility implementing ISQLAlchemyWrapper. You can can perform the registration lazily by passing the name utility as ‘name’ parameter to the createSAWrapper(…, name=’my.postgres.test.db’) method.
A convenience method for obtaining a wrapper instance by name is available through getSAWrapper:
createSAWrapper(dsn,..., name='my.name')
...
wrapper = getSAWrapper('my.name')
Supported systems
z3c.sqlalchemy was developed with Zope and basically tested against Postgres 7.4.X and 8.X and SQLite 3.3.
Known issues
Running z3c.sqalchemy against MySQL databases without transaction support might cause trouble upon the implicit commit() operation. For this reason MySQL without transaction support isn’t supported right now
License
z3c.sqlalchemy is licensed under the Zope Public License 2.1.
See LICENSE.txt.
Credits
Parts of the code are influenced by z3c.zalchemy (Juergen Kartnaller, Michael Bernstein & others) and Alchemist/ore.alchemist (Kapil Thangavelu). Thanks to Martin Aspeli for giving valuable feedback.
Change log
2.2 (2024-04-09)
Add support for Python 3.12.
Partially revert commit fb7d533aae819dc7e1aef8322c2f2d60a9a1b5d0 which caused the sqlalchemy session instance to be persisted as an instance attribute. (#21)
2.1.1 (2023-09-06)
Fix transaction rollback with DBAPI cursor.execute. (#17)
2.1 (2023-07-05)
Support SQLAlchemy >= 2.0. (#15)
2.0 (2023-03-01)
Add support for Python 3.10, 3.11.
Drop support for Python 2.7, 3.5, 3.6.
1.5.2 (2020-11-13)
Fix MANIFEST to include the change log.
1.5.1 (2020-11-13)
Add linting to tox configuration and apply linting fixes.
Fix installation error in setup.py (release 1.5.0 is broken).
1.5.0 (2020-11-13)
Add support for Python 3.5-3.9.
Standardize namespace __init__.
Fix to work with zope.sqlalchemy 1.2.
1.4.0 (2009-12-02)
Remove compatibility code with older Zope versions.
Fix import issue with modern zope.component versions.
Fix registering of custom mappers.
1.3.11 (26.10.2009)
Don’t create a new MetaData in LazyMapperCollection, but use the one created in the wrapper. In some cases, you could have some tables in the metadata created in the wrapper, and some tables in the metadata created in the LazyMapperCollection, which gave an error when trying to create relations.
When generating the mapper class, make sure table.name is a string. It can be unicode when use_unicode=1 with MySQL engine.
1.3.10 (04.08.2009)
removed SA deprecation warning
1.3.9 (06.01.2009)
made ‘twophase’ configurable
1.3.8 (06.01.2009)
replace asDict() with a dictish proxy implementation
1.3.7 (12.12.2008)
better support for SQLAlchemy declarative layer
1.3.6 (23.11.2008)
zip_safe=False
1.3.5 (05.09.2008)
restored compatibiltiy with SA 0.4.X
1.3.4 (04.09.2008)
added ‘extension_options’ parameter
1.3.2 (29.07.2008)
updated dependencies to latest zope.sqlalchemy release
1.3.1 (24.06.2008)
relaxed zope.* dependencies
1.3.0 (02.06.2008)
support for sqlalchemy.ext.declarative
1.2.0 (25.05.2008)
now using zope.sqlalchemy for ZODB transaction integration
internal class renaming
removed PythonBaseWrapper. Now there is only one ZopeWrappe class.
requires SQLAlchemy 0.4.6 or higher
requires zope.sqlalchemy 0.1 or higher
1.1.5 (08.05.2008)
better error handling in case of a rollback (patch by Dieter Maurer)
1.1.4 (15.03.2008)
reorganized .txt files
1.1.3 (20.02.2008)
another savepoint fix
fixed regression error introduced by previous change: commit the zope transaction when ready in tpc_finish [maurits]
fixed issue where session’s transaction.nested was being called as a callable (it should be straight attribute access) [Rocky]
1.1.2 (16.02.2008)
fixed ZODB savepoint implementation. Now returning a proper dummy savepoint
1.1.1 (13.02.2008)
the SessionDataManager now supports ZODB savepoints
1.1.0 (17.01.2008)
WARNING: this version requires SA 0.4.X and higher
fixed import issues with the upcoming SA 0.4.X series
create_session() calls (for SA 0.4.X)
the unittests support an optional $TEST_DSN environment in order to run the test against an existing database (other than SQLite)
major overhoul of the Zope transaction integration: now using one DataManager for the session object and the connection. The connection as returned through the ‘connection’ property is also used for creating a new ‘session’. Older z3c.sqlalchemy version used separate connections. This allows applications to use both a session and a connection within the same Zope request/thread without running into transaction problems. SQL actions and session related modifications should happen within the same transaction.
Wrapper constructor now accepts two new optional dicts ‘engine_options’ and ‘session_options’ that will be passed down to the engine and the sessionmaker. Patch provided by Klaus Barthelmann.
mapped objects now provide a method asDict() to return the values of an objects as dict.
1.0.11 (30.07.2007)
replaced BoundMetaData() with MetaData() (requires SA 0.3.9+)
removed zope.* dependencies in order to avoid zope.* version mismatches for now
1.0.10 (16.07.2007)
using Zope 3.3.X as a fixed depenceny
1.0.9 (08.07.2007)
added namespace declarations
reST-ified documentation
1.0.8 (28.06.2007)
SessionDataManager: create a session transaction as late as possible and only if necessary in order to minimize deadlocks. So z3c.sqlalchemy won’t create a transaction any more if there only SELECT operations within the current session.
1.0.7 (27.06.2007)
SessionDataManager: moved commit code from tpc_vote() to tpc_finish() (Thanks to Christian Theune for the hint)
1.0.6 (25.06.2007)
added ‘namespace_packages’ directive to setup.py
cache ‘metadata’ property
1.0.5 (13.06.2007)
It should be now safe to use sessions from multiple wrappers within one Zope transaction. In former versions of z3c.sqlalchemy calling wrapper1.session and wrapper2.session within the same transaction would return a session bound to wrapper1 in both cases.
1.0.4 (09.06.2007)
added new ‘transactional’ flag (used by SQLAlchemyDA only)
1.0.3 (26.05.2007)
new ‘cascade’ parameter for the Model.add()
tweaked the ZODB transaction integration a bit
1.0.2 (13.05.2007)
MappedClassBase has a new convinience method getMapper() that returns a mapper class associated through a relation with the current mapper
1.0.1 (unreleased)
MappedClassBase: new clone() method
more checks in Model.add()
1.0.0 (05.05.2007)
source code polishing
documentation update
0.1.13 (05.05.2007)
sessions were returned from the wrong cache
moved the rollback/commit handling inside the SessionDataManager in order to play more nicely with the TPC. See http://mail.zope.org/pipermail/zodb-dev/2007-May/010996.html
0.1.12 (03.05.2007)
createSAWrapper() got a new optional ‘name’ parameter in order to register the wrapper automatically instead of using a dedicated registerSAWrapper(wrapper, name) call
0.1.11 (02.05.2007)
added check for the ‘mapper_class’ attribute (classes from now on must be a subclass of MapperClassBase)
a Zope-aware SAWrapper now has a ‘connection’ property that can be used to execute SQL statements directly. ‘connection’ is an instance of sqlalchemy.Connection and directly tied to the current Zope transaction.
changed the caching of the connection and session object for Zope wrapper since the id of a transaction is not reliable (different transaction object can re-use the same memory address leading to cache errors)
0.1.10 (30.04.2007)
fixed a bug in mapper (unfortunately I forgot to commit a necessary change)
removed the ‘primary_key’ parameter introduced in 0.1.9 because we don’t need. It can be defined within the model using a PrimaryKeyConstraint()
createSAWrapper: setting forZope=True for a non-postgres DSN now also returns a Zope-aware wrapper instance (instead of a BaseWrapper instance). (Reported by Martin Aspeli)
0.1.9 (26.04.2007)
base.py: the ‘model’ parameter can now also be a callable returning an instance of model.Model
base.py: calling a model provider or a method providing a model with a BoundMetaData instance in order to allow table auto-loading
Model.add() got a new parameter ‘primary_key’ in order to specify a primary_key hint. This is useful when you are trying to auto-load a view as Table() having no primary key information. The ‘primary_key’ parameter is either None or a sequence of column names.
0.1.8 (23.04.2007)
added shorter method names as aliases
don’t generate a new mapper class if a custom mapper class is defined within the model
0.1.7 (21.04.2007)
replaced ‘echo’ parameter of the constructor with a generic keyword parameter in order to provide full parameter support for create_engine. Optional arguments passed to the constructur are passed directly to create_engine()
fixed the documentation a bit
added registerMapper() to BaseWrapper class
registerSQLAlchemyWrapper() now defers the registration until the Wrapper is used first when calling getSQLAlchemyWrapper()
the ‘name’ parameter of Model.add() now supports schemas (if available). E.g. when using Postgres you can reference as table within a different schema through ‘<schema>.<tablename>’.
Model.add() accepts a new optional parameter ‘table_name’ that can be used to specify the name of a table (including schema information) when you want to use the ‘name’ parameter as an alias for the related table/mapper.
0.1.6 (28.03.2007)
fixed a bug in registerSQLAlchemyWrapper
0.1.5 (28.03.2007)
registerSQLAlchemyWrapper() should now work with Zope 2.8-2.10
abort() was defined twice inside the DataManager class
0.1.4 (21.03.2007)
the Model class now behave (where needed) as a sorted dictionary. Its items() method must returned all items in insertion order.
0.1.3 (20.03.2007)
added getMappers() convenience method
the Zope wrapper uses SessionTransactions in order to be able to flush() as session with a transaction in order to read row previously inserted within the same transaction
0.1.2 (unreleased)
fixed class hierarchy issues with Postgres wrapper classes
0.1.1 (unreleased)
fixed setup.py
0.1 (18.03.2007)
initial version
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