zope.mimetype 1.3.1

The Zope MIME Infrastructure

This package provides a way to work with MIME content types. There are several interfaces defined here, many of which are used primarily to look things up based on different bits of information.

The basic idea behind this is that content objects should provide an interface based on the actual content type they implement. For example, objects that represent text/xml or application/xml documents should be marked mark with the IContentTypeXml interface. This can allow additional views to be registered based on the content type, or subscribers may be registered to perform other actions based on the content type.

One aspect of the content type that’s important for all documents is that the content type interface determines whether the object data is interpreted as an encoded text document. Encoded text documents, in particular, can be decoded to obtain a single Unicode string. The content type intefaces for encoded text must derive from IContentTypeEncoded. (All content type interfaces derive from IContentType and directly provide IContentTypeInterface.)

The default configuration provides direct support for a variety of common document types found in office environments.

Retrieving Content Type Information

Codec handling

We can create codecs programatically. Codecs are registered as utilities for ICodec with the name of their python codec.

>>> from zope import component
>>> from zope.mimetype.interfaces import ICodec
>>> from zope.mimetype.codec import addCodec
>>> sorted(component.getUtilitiesFor(ICodec))
[]
>>> addCodec('iso8859-1', 'Western (ISO-8859-1)')
>>> codec = component.getUtility(ICodec, name='iso8859-1')
>>> codec
<zope.mimetype.codec.Codec instance at ...>
>>> codec.name
'iso8859-1'
>>> addCodec('utf-8', 'Unicode (UTF-8)')
>>> codec2 = component.getUtility(ICodec, name='utf-8')

We can programmatically add charsets to a given codec. This registers each charset as a named utility for ICharset. It also registers the codec as a utility for ICharsetCodec with the name of the charset.

>>> from zope.mimetype.codec import addCharset
>>> from zope.mimetype.interfaces import ICharset, ICharsetCodec
>>> sorted(component.getUtilitiesFor(ICharset))
[]
>>> sorted(component.getUtilitiesFor(ICharsetCodec))
[]
>>> addCharset(codec.name, 'latin1')
>>> charset = component.getUtility(ICharset, name='latin1')
>>> charset
<zope.mimetype.codec.Charset instance at ...>
>>> charset.name
'latin1'
>>> component.getUtility(ICharsetCodec, name='latin1') is codec
True

When adding a charset we can state that we want that charset to be the preferred charset for its codec.

>>> addCharset(codec.name, 'iso8859-1', preferred=True)
>>> addCharset(codec2.name, 'utf-8', preferred=True)

A codec can have at most one preferred charset.

>>> addCharset(codec.name, 'test', preferred=True)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Codec already has a preferred charset.

Preferred charsets are registered as utilities for ICodecPreferredCharset under the name of the python codec.

>>> from zope.mimetype.interfaces import ICodecPreferredCharset
>>> preferred = component.getUtility(ICodecPreferredCharset, name='iso8859-1')
>>> preferred
<zope.mimetype.codec.Charset instance at ...>
>>> preferred.name
'iso8859-1'
>>> sorted(component.getUtilitiesFor(ICodecPreferredCharset))
[(u'iso8859-1', <zope.mimetype.codec.Charset instance at ...>),
 (u'utf-8', <zope.mimetype.codec.Charset instance at ...>)]

We can look up a codec by the name of its charset:

>>> component.getUtility(ICharsetCodec, name='latin1') is codec
True
>>> component.getUtility(ICharsetCodec, name='utf-8') is codec2
True

Or we can look up all codecs:

>>> sorted(component.getUtilitiesFor(ICharsetCodec))
[(u'iso8859-1', <zope.mimetype.codec.Codec instance at ...>),
 (u'latin1', <zope.mimetype.codec.Codec instance at ...>),
 (u'test', <zope.mimetype.codec.Codec instance at ...>),
 (u'utf-8', <zope.mimetype.codec.Codec instance at ...>)]

Constraint Functions for Interfaces

The zope.mimetype.interfaces module defines interfaces that use some helper functions to define constraints on the accepted data. These helpers are used to determine whether values conform to the what’s allowed for parts of a MIME type specification and other parts of a Content-Type header as specified in RFC 2045.

>>> from zope.mimetype.interfaces import tokenConstraint

>>> tokenConstraint("text")
True
>>> tokenConstraint("plain")
True
>>> tokenConstraint("charset")
True

>>> tokenConstraint("not-your-fathers-token")
True

>>> tokenConstraint("x-magic")
True

>>> tokenConstraint("vnd.zope.special-data")
True

>>> tokenConstraint("Text")
False

>>> tokenConstraint("\x80")
False
>>> tokenConstraint("\xC8")
False
>>> tokenConstraint("\xFF")
False

>>> tokenConstraint(".-.-.-.")
True

>>> tokenConstraint("foo bar")
False
>>> tokenConstraint("foo\tbar")
False
>>> tokenConstraint("foo\nbar")
False
>>> tokenConstraint("foo\rbar")
False
>>> tokenConstraint("foo\x7Fbar")
False

>>> tokenConstraint(" text")
False
>>> tokenConstraint("plain ")
False

>>> tokenConstraint("(")
False
>>> tokenConstraint(")")
False
>>> tokenConstraint("<")
False
>>> tokenConstraint(">")
False
>>> tokenConstraint("@")
False
>>> tokenConstraint(",")
False
>>> tokenConstraint(";")
False
>>> tokenConstraint(":")
False
>>> tokenConstraint("\\")
False
>>> tokenConstraint('"')
False
>>> tokenConstraint("/")
False
>>> tokenConstraint("[")
False
>>> tokenConstraint("]")
False
>>> tokenConstraint("?")
False
>>> tokenConstraint("=")
False

>>> tokenConstraint("")
False

>>> from zope.mimetype.interfaces import mimeTypeConstraint

>>> mimeTypeConstraint("text/plain")
True
>>> mimeTypeConstraint("application/xml")
True
>>> mimeTypeConstraint("image/svg+xml")
True

>>> mimeTypeConstraint("text")
False
>>> mimeTypeConstraint("text/")
False
>>> mimeTypeConstraint("/plain")
False

>>> mimeTypeConstraint("foo bar/plain")
False
>>> mimeTypeConstraint("text/foo bar")
False

>>> mimeTypeConstraint("text /plain")
False
>>> mimeTypeConstraint("text/ plain")
False

>>> mimeTypeConstraint(" text/plain")
False
>>> mimeTypeConstraint("text/plain ")
False

Minimal IContentInfo Implementation

The zope.mimetype.contentinfo module provides a minimal IContentInfo implementation that adds no information to what’s provided by a content object. This represents the most conservative content-type policy that might be useful.

Let’s take a look at how this operates by creating a couple of concrete content-type interfaces:

>>> from zope.mimetype import interfaces

>>> class ITextPlain(interfaces.IContentTypeEncoded):
...     """text/plain"""

>>> class IApplicationOctetStream(interfaces.IContentType):
...     """application/octet-stream"""

Now, we’ll create a minimal content object that provide the necessary information:

>>> import zope.interface

>>> class Content(object):
...     zope.interface.implements(interfaces.IContentTypeAware)
...
...     def __init__(self, mimeType, charset=None):
...         self.mimeType = mimeType
...         self.parameters = {}
...         if charset:
...             self.parameters["charset"] = charset

We can now create examples of both encoded and non-encoded content:

>>> encoded = Content("text/plain", "utf-8")
>>> zope.interface.alsoProvides(encoded, ITextPlain)

>>> unencoded = Content("application/octet-stream")
>>> zope.interface.alsoProvides(unencoded, IApplicationOctetStream)

The minimal IContentInfo implementation only exposes the information available to it from the base content object. Let’s take a look at the unencoded content first:

>>> from zope.mimetype import contentinfo
>>> ci = contentinfo.ContentInfo(unencoded)
>>> ci.effectiveMimeType
'application/octet-stream'
>>> ci.effectiveParameters
{}
>>> ci.contentType
'application/octet-stream'

For unencoded content, there is never a codec:

>>> print ci.getCodec()
None

It is also disallowed to try decoding such content:

>>> ci.decode("foo")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: no matching codec found

Attemping to decode data using an uncoded object causes an exception to be raised:

>>> print ci.decode("data")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: no matching codec found

If we try this with encoded data, we get somewhat different behavior:

>>> ci = contentinfo.ContentInfo(encoded)
>>> ci.effectiveMimeType
'text/plain'
>>> ci.effectiveParameters
{'charset': 'utf-8'}
>>> ci.contentType
'text/plain;charset=utf-8'

The getCodec() and decode() methods can be used to handle encoded data using the encoding indicated by the charset parameter. Let’s store some UTF-8 data in a variable:

>>> utf8_data = unicode("\xAB\xBB", "iso-8859-1").encode("utf-8")
>>> utf8_data
'\xc2\xab\xc2\xbb'

We want to be able to decode the data using the IContentInfo object. Let’s try getting the corresponding ICodec object using getCodec():

>>> codec = ci.getCodec()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: unsupported charset: 'utf-8'

So, we can’t proceed without some further preparation. What we need is to register an ICharset for UTF-8. The ICharset will need a reference (by name) to a ICodec for UTF-8. So let’s create those objects and register them:

>>> import codecs
>>> from zope.mimetype.i18n import _

>>> class Utf8Codec(object):
...     zope.interface.implements(interfaces.ICodec)
...
...     name = "utf-8"
...     title = _("UTF-8")
...
...     def __init__(self):
...         ( self.encode,
...           self.decode,
...           self.reader,
...           self.writer
...           ) = codecs.lookup(self.name)

>>> utf8_codec = Utf8Codec()

>>> class Utf8Charset(object):
...     zope.interface.implements(interfaces.ICharset)
...
...     name = utf8_codec.name
...     encoding = name

>>> utf8_charset = Utf8Charset()

>>> import zope.component

>>> zope.component.provideUtility(
...     utf8_codec, interfaces.ICodec, utf8_codec.name)
>>> zope.component.provideUtility(
...     utf8_charset, interfaces.ICharset, utf8_charset.name)

Now that that’s been initialized, let’s try getting the codec again:

>>> codec = ci.getCodec()
>>> codec.name
'utf-8'

>>> codec.decode(utf8_data)
(u'\xab\xbb', 4)

We can now check that the decode() method of the IContentInfo will decode the entire data, returning the Unicode representation of the text:

>>> ci.decode(utf8_data)
u'\xab\xbb'

Another possibilty, of course, is that you have content that you know is encoded text of some sort, but you don’t actually know what encoding it’s in:

>>> encoded2 = Content("text/plain")
>>> zope.interface.alsoProvides(encoded2, ITextPlain)

>>> ci = contentinfo.ContentInfo(encoded2)
>>> ci.effectiveMimeType
'text/plain'
>>> ci.effectiveParameters
{}
>>> ci.contentType
'text/plain'

>>> ci.getCodec()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: charset not known

It’s also possible that the initial content type information for an object is incorrect for some reason. If the browser provides a content type of “text/plain; charset=utf-8”, the content will be seen as encoded. A user correcting this content type using UI elements can cause the content to be considered un-encoded. At this point, there should no longer be a charset parameter to the content type, and the content info object should reflect this, though the previous encoding information will be retained in case the content type should be changed to an encoded type in the future.

Let’s see how this behavior will be exhibited in this API. We’ll start by creating some encoded content:

>>> content = Content("text/plain", "utf-8")
>>> zope.interface.alsoProvides(content, ITextPlain)

We can see that the encoding information is included in the effective MIME type information provided by the content-info object:

>>> ci = contentinfo.ContentInfo(content)
>>> ci.effectiveMimeType
'text/plain'
>>> ci.effectiveParameters
{'charset': 'utf-8'}

We now change the content type information for the object:

>>> ifaces = zope.interface.directlyProvidedBy(content)
>>> ifaces -= ITextPlain
>>> ifaces += IApplicationOctetStream
>>> zope.interface.directlyProvides(content, *ifaces)
>>> content.mimeType = 'application/octet-stream'

At this point, a content type object would provide different information:

>>> ci = contentinfo.ContentInfo(content)
>>> ci.effectiveMimeType
'application/octet-stream'
>>> ci.effectiveParameters
{}

The underlying content type parameters still contain the original encoding information, however:

>>> content.parameters
{'charset': 'utf-8'}

Events and content-type changes

The IContentTypeChangedEvent is fired whenever an object’s IContentTypeInterface is changed. This includes the cases when a content type interface is applied to an object that doesn’t have one, and when the content type interface is removed from an object.

Let’s start the demonstration by defining a subscriber for the event that simply prints out the information from the event object:

>>> def handler(event):
...     print "changed content type interface:"
...     print "  from:", event.oldContentType
...     print "    to:", event.newContentType

We’ll also define a simple content object:

>>> import zope.interface

>>> class IContent(zope.interface.Interface):
...     pass

>>> class Content(object):
...
...     zope.interface.implements(IContent)
...
...     def __str__(self):
...         return "<MyContent>"

>>> obj = Content()

We’ll also need a couple of content type interfaces:

>>> from zope.mimetype import interfaces

>>> class ITextPlain(interfaces.IContentTypeEncoded):
...     """text/plain"""
>>> ITextPlain.setTaggedValue("mimeTypes", ["text/plain"])
>>> ITextPlain.setTaggedValue("extensions", [".txt"])
>>> zope.interface.directlyProvides(
...     ITextPlain, interfaces.IContentTypeInterface)

>>> class IOctetStream(interfaces.IContentType):
...     """application/octet-stream"""
>>> IOctetStream.setTaggedValue("mimeTypes", ["application/octet-stream"])
>>> IOctetStream.setTaggedValue("extensions", [".bin"])
>>> zope.interface.directlyProvides(
...     IOctetStream, interfaces.IContentTypeInterface)

Let’s register our subscriber:

>>> import zope.component
>>> import zope.component.interfaces
>>> zope.component.provideHandler(
...     handler,
...     (zope.component.interfaces.IObjectEvent,))

Changing the content type interface on an object is handled by the zope.mimetype.event.changeContentType() function. Let’s import that module and demonstrate that the expected event is fired appropriately:

>>> from zope.mimetype import event

Since the object currently has no content type interface, “removing” the interface does not affect the object and the event is not fired:

>>> event.changeContentType(obj, None)

Setting a content type interface on an object that doesn’t have one will cause the event to be fired, with the .oldContentType attribute on the event set to None:

>>> event.changeContentType(obj, ITextPlain)
changed content type interface:
  from: None
    to: <InterfaceClass __builtin__.ITextPlain>

Calling the changeContentType() function again with the same “new” content type interface causes no change, so the event is not fired again:

>>> event.changeContentType(obj, ITextPlain)

Providing a new interface does cause the event to be fired again:

>>> event.changeContentType(obj, IOctetStream)
changed content type interface:
  from: <InterfaceClass __builtin__.ITextPlain>
    to: <InterfaceClass __builtin__.IOctetStream>

Similarly, removing the content type interface triggers the event as well:

>>> event.changeContentType(obj, None)
changed content type interface:
  from: <InterfaceClass __builtin__.IOctetStream>
    to: None

MIME type and character set extraction

The zope.mimetype.typegetter module provides a selection of MIME type extractors and charset extractors. These may be used to determine what the MIME type and character set for uploaded data should be.

These two interfaces represent the site policy regarding interpreting upload data in the face of missing or inaccurate input.

Let’s go ahead and import the module:

>>> from zope.mimetype import typegetter

>>> print typegetter.mimeTypeGetter()
None

>>> print typegetter.mimeTypeGetter(name="file.html")
None

>>> print typegetter.mimeTypeGetter(data="<html>...</html>")
None

>>> print typegetter.mimeTypeGetter(
...     name="file.html", data="<html>...</html>")
None

>>> typegetter.mimeTypeGetter(content_type="text/plain")
'text/plain'

>>> typegetter.mimeTypeGetter(content_type="text/plain; charset=utf-8")
'text/plain'

>>> print typegetter.mimeTypeGetter(content_type="foo bar")
None

>>> print typegetter.mimeTypeGetter(
...     name="file.html", data="<html>...</html>", content_type="foo bar")
None

def mimeTypeGuesser(name=None, data=None, content_type=None):
    type = mimeTypeGetter(name=name, data=data, content_type=content_type)
    if type is None:
        type = guess the content type
    return type

>>> print typegetter.mimeTypeGuesser()
None

>>> typegetter.mimeTypeGuesser(name="file.html")
'text/html'

>>> typegetter.mimeTypeGuesser(data="<html>...</html>")
'text/html'

>>> typegetter.mimeTypeGuesser(name="file.html", data="<html>...</html>")
'text/html'

>>> mt_1 = typegetter.mimeTypeGuesser(name="file.html")
>>> mt_1
'text/html'

>>> mt_2 = typegetter.mimeTypeGuesser(data="<?xml version='1.0'?>...")
>>> mt_2
'text/xml'

>>> mt = typegetter.mimeTypeGuesser(
...     data="<?xml version='1.0'?>...", name="file.html")
>>> mt in (mt_1, mt_2)
True

>>> typegetter.mimeTypeGuesser(content_type="text/plain")
'text/plain'

>>> typegetter.mimeTypeGuesser(content_type="text/plain; charset=utf-8")
'text/plain'

>>> print typegetter.mimeTypeGetter(content_type="foo bar")
None

>>> typegetter.mimeTypeGuesser(name="file.html", content_type="foo bar")
'text/html'

>>> typegetter.mimeTypeGuesser(
...     data="<html>...</html>", content_type="foo bar")
'text/html'

>>> typegetter.mimeTypeGuesser(
...     data="GIF89a...", content_type="application/octet-stream")
'application/octet-stream'

>>> print typegetter.smartMimeTypeGuesser()
None

>>> print typegetter.smartMimeTypeGuesser(content_type="foo bar")
None

>>> typegetter.mimeTypeGuesser(
...     data="<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?><html>...</html>",
...     name="file.html")
'text/html'

>>> typegetter.smartMimeTypeGuesser(
...     data="<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>...",
...     name="file.html")
'application/xhtml+xml'

Source for MIME type interfaces

Some sample interfaces have been created in the zope.mimetype.tests module for use in this test. Let’s import them:

>>> from zope.mimetype.tests import (
...     ISampleContentTypeOne, ISampleContentTypeTwo)

The source should only include IContentTypeInterface interfaces that have been registered. Let’s register one of these two interfaces so we can test this:

>>> import zope.component
>>> from zope.mimetype.interfaces import IContentTypeInterface

>>> zope.component.provideUtility(
...     ISampleContentTypeOne, IContentTypeInterface, name="type/one")

>>> zope.component.provideUtility(
...     ISampleContentTypeOne, IContentTypeInterface, name="type/two")

We should see that these interfaces are included in the source:

>>> from zope.mimetype import source

>>> s = source.ContentTypeSource()

>>> ISampleContentTypeOne in s
True
>>> ISampleContentTypeTwo in s
False

Interfaces that do not implement the IContentTypeInterface are not included in the source:

>>> import zope.interface
>>> class ISomethingElse(zope.interface.Interface):
...    """This isn't a content type interface."""

>>> ISomethingElse in s
False

The source is iterable, so we can get a list of the values:

>>> values = list(s)

>>> len(values)
1
>>> values[0] is ISampleContentTypeOne
True

We can get terms for the allowed values:

>>> terms = source.ContentTypeTerms(s, None)
>>> t = terms.getTerm(ISampleContentTypeOne)
>>> terms.getValue(t.token) is ISampleContentTypeOne
True

Interfaces that are not in the source cause an error when a term is requested:

>>> terms.getTerm(ISomethingElse)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
LookupError: value is not an element in the source

The term provides a token based on the module name of the interface:

>>> t.token
'zope.mimetype.tests.ISampleContentTypeOne'

The term also provides the title based on the “title” tagged value from the interface:

>>> t.title
u'Type One'

Each interface provides a list of MIME types with which the interface is associated. The term object provides access to this list:

>>> t.mimeTypes
['type/one', 'type/foo']

A list of common extensions for files of this type is also available, though it may be empty:

>>> t.extensions
[]

The term’s value, of course, is the interface passed in:

>>> t.value is ISampleContentTypeOne
True

This extended term API is defined by the IContentTypeTerm interface:

>>> from zope.mimetype.interfaces import IContentTypeTerm
>>> IContentTypeTerm.providedBy(t)
True

The value can also be retrieved using the getValue() method:

>>> iface = terms.getValue('zope.mimetype.tests.ISampleContentTypeOne')
>>> iface is ISampleContentTypeOne
True

Attempting to retrieve an interface that isn’t in the source using the terms object generates a LookupError:

>>> terms.getValue('zope.mimetype.tests.ISampleContentTypeTwo')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
LookupError: token does not represent an element in the source

Attempting to look up a junk token also generates an error:

>>> terms.getValue('just.some.dotted.name.that.does.not.exist')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
LookupError: could not import module for token

TranslatableSourceSelectWidget

TranslatableSourceSelectWidget is a SourceSelectWidget that translates and sorts the choices.

We will borrow the boring set up code from the SourceSelectWidget test (source.txt in zope.formlib).

>>> import zope.interface
>>> import zope.component
>>> import zope.schema
>>> import zope.schema.interfaces

>>> class SourceList(list):
...     zope.interface.implements(zope.schema.interfaces.IIterableSource)

>>> import zope.publisher.interfaces.browser
>>> from zope.browser.interfaces import ITerms
>>> from zope.schema.vocabulary import SimpleTerm
>>> class ListTerms:
...
...     zope.interface.implements(ITerms)
...
...     def __init__(self, source, request):
...         pass # We don't actually need the source or the request :)
...
...     def getTerm(self, value):
...         title = unicode(value)
...         try:
...             token = title.encode('base64').strip()
...         except binascii.Error:
...             raise LookupError(token)
...         return SimpleTerm(value, token=token, title=title)
...
...     def getValue(self, token):
...         return token.decode('base64')

>>> zope.component.provideAdapter(
...     ListTerms,
...     (SourceList, zope.publisher.interfaces.browser.IBrowserRequest))

>>> dog = zope.schema.Choice(
...    __name__ = 'dog',
...    title=u"Dogs",
...    source=SourceList(['spot', 'bowser', 'prince', 'duchess', 'lassie']),
...    )
>>> dog = dog.bind(object())

Now that we have a field and a working source, we can construct and render a widget.

>>> from zope.mimetype.widget import TranslatableSourceSelectWidget
>>> from zope.publisher.browser import TestRequest
>>> request = TestRequest()
>>> widget = TranslatableSourceSelectWidget(
...     dog, dog.source, request)

>>> print widget()
<div>
<div class="value">
<select id="field.dog" name="field.dog" size="5" >
<option value="Ym93c2Vy">bowser</option>
<option value="ZHVjaGVzcw==">duchess</option>
<option value="bGFzc2ll">lassie</option>
<option value="cHJpbmNl">prince</option>
<option value="c3BvdA==">spot</option>
</select>
</div>
<input name="field.dog-empty-marker" type="hidden" value="1" />
</div>

Note that the options are ordered alphabetically.

If the field is not required, we will also see a special choice labeled “(nothing selected)” at the top of the list

>>> dog.required = False
>>> print widget()
<div>
<div class="value">
<select id="field.dog" name="field.dog" size="5" >
<option selected="selected" value="">(nothing selected)</option>
<option value="Ym93c2Vy">bowser</option>
<option value="ZHVjaGVzcw==">duchess</option>
<option value="bGFzc2ll">lassie</option>
<option value="cHJpbmNl">prince</option>
<option value="c3BvdA==">spot</option>
</select>
</div>
<input name="field.dog-empty-marker" type="hidden" value="1" />
</div>

The utils module contains various helpers for working with data goverened by MIME content type information, as found in the HTTP Content-Type header: mime types and character sets.

The decode function takes a string and an IANA character set name and returns a unicode object decoded from the string, using the codec associated with the character set name. Errors will generally arise from the unicode conversion rather than the mapping of character set to codec, and will be LookupErrors (the character set did not cleanly convert to a codec that Python knows about) or UnicodeDecodeErrors (the string included characters that were not in the range of the codec associated with the character set).

>>> original = 'This is an o with a slash through it: \xb8.'
>>> charset = 'Latin-7' # Baltic Rim or iso-8859-13
>>> from zope.mimetype import utils
>>> utils.decode(original, charset)
u'This is an o with a slash through it: \xf8.'
>>> utils.decode(original, 'foo bar baz')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
LookupError: unknown encoding: foo bar baz
>>> utils.decode(original, 'iso-ir-6') # alias for ASCII
... # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
UnicodeDecodeError: 'ascii' codec can't decode...

CHANGES